# Decay in standing trees of the Pacific Northwest, 1982-1992

## Dataset

- **Database Code:** TV030

- **Title:** Decay in standing trees of the Pacific Northwest, 1982-1992

- **Abstract:**

The primary objective of this study is to predict the volume of the tree bole that is left on the site during a harvest operation. This data is needed to predict the amount of woody detritus left on a site after harvest. This in turn is used to predict how carbon stores change during succession.


- **Keywords:** silviculture; measurements; plant properties; decay rates; decomposition; primary production; plant growth; timber harvest; coarse woody debris; organic matter; terrestrial ecosystems; trees; Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER); primary production; organic matter

- **Temporal coverage:** 1982-01-06 to 1992-01-09

- **Principal Investigator:** Mark E. Harmon


## Data Entities

1. TV03001
2. TV03002
3. TV03003
4. TV03004

## Entity 1: TV03001

### Attribute list

- **STCODE** — varchar, enum

Database code

  - **TV030** — FSDB Database code TV030 (terrestrial vegetation)


- **FORMAT** — numeric(1.000000), range  1.0000  1.0000, number

Entity number


- **SPECIES** — varchar, enum

Tree species code according to Garrison et al., 1972

  - **ABAM** — Abies amabilis
  - **ABCO** — Abies concolor
  - **ABLA2** — Abies lasiocarpa
  - **ACMA** — Acer macrophyllum
  - **ALRU** — Alnus rubra
  - **CHNO** — Chamaecyparis nootkatensis
  - **PIEN** — Picea engelmannii
  - **PISI** — Picea sitchensis
  - **PIMO** — Pinus monticola
  - **PSME** — Pseudotsuga menziesii
  - **SESE2** — Sequoia sempervirens
  - **THPL** — Thuja plicata
  - **TSHE** — Tsuga heterophylla
  - **LIDE2** — Libocedrus decurrens


- **SITE** — numeric(1.000000), range  0.0000  5.0000, number

Site index class for the trees sampled


- **DBH** — numeric(1.000000), range  0.0000  500.0000, centimeters

Stump Diameter at breast height


- **DECAYBF** — numeric(0.100000), range  0.0000  100.0000, percent

Percent decay on a board foot basis


- **DECAYC** — numeric(0.100000), range  0.0000  100.0000, percent

Percent decay on a cubic foot or meter basis


- **ESTIMATE** — varchar, enum

Indicates if the cubic basis deacy percent was estimated from the board foot values. Estimates based on regression from studies presenting both numbers.

  - ** ** — No estimate of one percentage from another
  - **B** — Board foot percentage estimated from cubic foot percentage
  - **C** — Cubic foot precentage estimated from board foot precentage.


- **BASIS** — numeric(1.000000), range  1.0000  1000.0000, number

The number trees estimates of decay were derived


- **SOURCE** — varchar, enum

Source of the data

  - **1** — Bier, Foster, and Salisbury. 1946. Studies in forest pathology IV. Decay in Sitka spruce. Can. Dept. Agr. Tech Bull. 56. 35 p.
  - **10** — Foster, R. E., A. T. Foster. 1951. Studies in forest pathology. XII Decay o f western hemlock... Can. J. Bot. 29:479-521.
  - **11** — Foster, R. E. H. M. Craig, G. W. Wallis 1954. Studies in forest plathology XII. western hemlock... Can. J. Bot. 29: 479-521
  - **12** — Hanzlik, E. J. and F. S. Fuller. 1911. A study of breakage, defect and was te in Douglas fir. U. Washington Forestry Club 5: 32-39
  - **13** — Hinds, T. E., F. G. Halwksworth, R. W. Davidson. 1960. Decay of subalpine fir in Colorado. USDA For. Serv. RM Sta. Pap. 51. 13 p.
  - **14** — Kimmey, J. W. and E. M. Hornibrook. 1952. Cull and breakage factors...for redwood. UDSA Calif. For. & Rang. Exp. Sta. For. Survey Release 13. 28 p.
  - **15** — Kimmey, J. W. 1956. Cull factors for sitka spruce, western hemlock, and west red cedar in SE AK. USDA For. Serv. Alaska For. Res. Cen. Sta. Pap. 6.
  - **16** — Meinecke, E. P. 1916. Forest pathology in forest regulation. USDA Bull No. 275. 70 p.
  - **17** — Wier, J. R., E. E. Hubert. 1919. A study of the rots of western white pine. USDA Bull. 799. 24 p.
  - **18** — Etheridge, D. E. 1958. decay losses in subalpine spruce on the Rocky Mounta in Forest Reserve in Alberta. For. Chrono. 34:116-131.
  - **19** — BC Forest Service. 1966. Butt-taper tables for commercial tree species of c oastal BC. BC Forest Service Forest Survey Note No. 7
  - **2** — Bier, Salibury, and Waldie. 1948. Studies in pathology. V. Decay in Fir... Can. Dept. Agr. Tech Bull. 66. 28 p.
  - **20** — Kimmey, J. W. and E. M. Hornibrook. 1952. Cull andbreakage factors and othe r tree measurements. USDA/FS, Cal. For.&Range Exp.Sta, Survey Rel.13, 28pp.
  - **3** — Boyce, J. S. 1920. The dry rot of incense cedar. USDA Bull. No. 871. 58 p
  - **4** — Boyce, J. S. 1932. Decay and other losses in Douglas-fir in western ?Oregon and Washington. USDA Tech. Bull 286. 60 p.
  - **5** — Boyce, J. S. and J. W. B. Wagg. 1953. Conk rot of old-growth Douglas-fir i n western Oregon. Oregon Forest Products Laboratory Bull. 4. 96 p.
  - **6** — Brandstrom A. J. F, and G. C. Flanagan. 1940. Volume losses in logging and marketing old growth Douglas fir. Timberman 41(7):17-22.
  - **7** — Buckland, D. C. R. E. Foster, V. J. Nordin. 1949. Studies in forest patholog y. VII Decay in w. hemolock and fir. Can. J. Res. C 27:312-331.
  - **8** — Englerth, G. H. 1942. Decay of western hemlock in western Oregon and Washi hington. Yale Scholl of Forestry Bull. No. 50. 53 p.
  - **9** — Foster, R. E., J. E. Browne, and A. T. Foster. 1958. Studies in forest patho logy XIX. Western hemlock and ambilis fir Can Dept. Agric. Publ. 1029. 37 p.


## Entity 2: TV03002

### Attribute list

- **STCODE** — varchar, enum

Database code

  - **TV030** — FSDB Database code TV030 (terrestrial vegetation)


- **FORMAT** — numeric(1.000000), range  2.0000  2.0000, number

Entity number


- **SPECIES** — varchar, enum

Tree species code according to Garrison et al., 1972

  - **ABAM** — Abies amabilis
  - **ABCO** — Abies concolor
  - **ABLA2** — Abies lasiocarpa
  - **ACMA** — Acer macrophyllum
  - **ALRU** — Alnus rubra
  - **CHNO** — Chamaecyparis nootkatensis
  - **PIEN** — Picea engelmannii
  - **PISI** — Picea sitchensis
  - **PIMO** — Pinus monticola
  - **PSME** — Pseudotsuga menziesii
  - **SESE2** — Sequoia sempervirens
  - **THPL** — Thuja plicata
  - **TSHE** — Tsuga heterophylla
  - **LIDE2** — Libocedrus decurrens


- **SITE** — numeric(1.000000), range  0.0000  5.0000, number

Site index class for the trees sampled


- **AGE** — numeric(1.000000), range  0.0000  750.0000, number of years

Tree age


- **DECAYBF** — numeric(0.100000), range  0.0000  100.0000, percent

Percent decay on a board foot basis


- **DECAYC** — numeric(0.100000), range  0.0000  100.0000, percent

Percent decay on a cubic foot or meter basis


- **ESTIMATE** — varchar, enum

Indicates if the cubic basis deacy percent was estimated from the board foot values. Estimates based on regression from studies presenting both numbers.

  - ** ** — No estimate of one percentage from another
  - **B** — Board foot percentage estimated from cubic foot percentage
  - **C** — Cubic foot precentage estimated from board foot precentage.


- **BASIS** — numeric(1.000000), range  1.0000  1000.0000, number

The number trees estimates of decay were derived


- **SOURCE** — varchar, enum

Source of the data

  - **1** — Bier, Foster, and Salisbury. 1946. Studies in forest pathology IV. Decay in Sitka spruce. Can. Dept. Agr. Tech Bull. 56. 35 p.
  - **10** — Foster, R. E., A. T. Foster. 1951. Studies in forest pathology. XII Decay o f western hemlock... Can. J. Bot. 29:479-521.
  - **11** — Foster, R. E. H. M. Craig, G. W. Wallis 1954. Studies in forest plathology XII. western hemlock... Can. J. Bot. 29: 479-521
  - **12** — Hanzlik, E. J. and F. S. Fuller. 1911. A study of breakage, defect and was te in Douglas fir. U. Washington Forestry Club 5: 32-39
  - **13** — Hinds, T. E., F. G. Halwksworth, R. W. Davidson. 1960. Decay of subalpine fir in Colorado. USDA For. Serv. RM Sta. Pap. 51. 13 p.
  - **14** — Kimmey, J. W. and E. M. Hornibrook. 1952. Cull and breakage factors...for redwood. UDSA Calif. For. & Rang. Exp. Sta. For. Survey Release 13. 28 p.
  - **15** — Kimmey, J. W. 1956. Cull factors for sitka spruce, western hemlock, and west red cedar in SE AK. USDA For. Serv. Alaska For. Res. Cen. Sta. Pap. 6.
  - **16** — Meinecke, E. P. 1916. Forest pathology in forest regulation. USDA Bull No. 275. 70 p.
  - **17** — Wier, J. R., E. E. Hubert. 1919. A study of the rots of western white pine. USDA Bull. 799. 24 p.
  - **18** — Etheridge, D. E. 1958. decay losses in subalpine spruce on the Rocky Mounta in Forest Reserve in Alberta. For. Chrono. 34:116-131.
  - **19** — BC Forest Service. 1966. Butt-taper tables for commercial tree species of c oastal BC. BC Forest Service Forest Survey Note No. 7
  - **2** — Bier, Salibury, and Waldie. 1948. Studies in pathology. V. Decay in Fir... Can. Dept. Agr. Tech Bull. 66. 28 p.
  - **20** — Kimmey, J. W. and E. M. Hornibrook. 1952. Cull andbreakage factors and othe r tree measurements. USDA/FS, Cal. For.&Range Exp.Sta, Survey Rel.13, 28pp.
  - **3** — Boyce, J. S. 1920. The dry rot of incense cedar. USDA Bull. No. 871. 58 p
  - **4** — Boyce, J. S. 1932. Decay and other losses in Douglas-fir in western ?Oregon and Washington. USDA Tech. Bull 286. 60 p.
  - **5** — Boyce, J. S. and J. W. B. Wagg. 1953. Conk rot of old-growth Douglas-fir i n western Oregon. Oregon Forest Products Laboratory Bull. 4. 96 p.
  - **6** — Brandstrom A. J. F, and G. C. Flanagan. 1940. Volume losses in logging and marketing old growth Douglas fir. Timberman 41(7):17-22.
  - **7** — Buckland, D. C. R. E. Foster, V. J. Nordin. 1949. Studies in forest patholog y. VII Decay in w. hemolock and fir. Can. J. Res. C 27:312-331.
  - **8** — Englerth, G. H. 1942. Decay of western hemlock in western Oregon and Washi hington. Yale Scholl of Forestry Bull. No. 50. 53 p.
  - **9** — Foster, R. E., J. E. Browne, and A. T. Foster. 1958. Studies in forest patho logy XIX. Western hemlock and ambilis fir Can Dept. Agric. Publ. 1029. 37 p.


## Entity 3: TV03003

### Attribute list

- **STCODE** — varchar, enum

Database code

  - **TV030** — FSDB Database code TV030 (terrestrial vegetation)


- **FORMAT** — numeric(1.000000), range  3.0000  3.0000, number

Entity number


- **SPECIES** — varchar, enum

Tree species code according to Garrison et al., 1972

  - **ABAM** — Abies amabilis
  - **ABCO** — Abies concolor
  - **ABLA2** — Abies lasiocarpa
  - **ACMA** — Acer macrophyllum
  - **ALRU** — Alnus rubra
  - **CHNO** — Chamaecyparis nootkatensis
  - **PIEN** — Picea engelmannii
  - **PISI** — Picea sitchensis
  - **PIMO** — Pinus monticola
  - **PSME** — Pseudotsuga menziesii
  - **SESE2** — Sequoia sempervirens
  - **THPL** — Thuja plicata
  - **TSHE** — Tsuga heterophylla
  - **LIDE2** — Libocedrus decurrens


- **SLOPE** — varchar, enum

Slope of the sample plots

  - **R** — Rough ground
  - **S** — Smooth ground


- **DBH** — numeric(1.000000), range  0.0000  500.0000, centimeters

Stump Diameter at breast height


- **BREAKBF** — numeric(0.100000), range  0.0000  100.0000, percent

Percent breakage on a board foot basis


- **BREAKC** — numeric(0.100000), range  0.0000  100.0000, percent

Percent breakage on a cubic foot or meter basis


- **ESTIMATE** — varchar, enum

Indicates if the cubic basis deacy percent was estimated from the board foot values. Estimates based on regression from studies presenting both numbers.

  - ** ** — No estimate of one percentage from another
  - **B** — Board foot percentage estimated from cubic foot percentage
  - **C** — Cubic foot precentage estimated from board foot precentage.


- **BASIS** — numeric(1.000000), range  1.0000  1000.0000, number

The number trees estimates of decay were derived


- **SOURCE** — varchar, enum

Source of the data

  - **1** — Bier, Foster, and Salisbury. 1946. Studies in forest pathology IV. Decay in Sitka spruce. Can. Dept. Agr. Tech Bull. 56. 35 p.
  - **10** — Foster, R. E., A. T. Foster. 1951. Studies in forest pathology. XII Decay o f western hemlock... Can. J. Bot. 29:479-521.
  - **11** — Foster, R. E. H. M. Craig, G. W. Wallis 1954. Studies in forest plathology XII. western hemlock... Can. J. Bot. 29: 479-521
  - **12** — Hanzlik, E. J. and F. S. Fuller. 1911. A study of breakage, defect and was te in Douglas fir. U. Washington Forestry Club 5: 32-39
  - **13** — Hinds, T. E., F. G. Halwksworth, R. W. Davidson. 1960. Decay of subalpine fir in Colorado. USDA For. Serv. RM Sta. Pap. 51. 13 p.
  - **14** — Kimmey, J. W. and E. M. Hornibrook. 1952. Cull and breakage factors...for redwood. UDSA Calif. For. & Rang. Exp. Sta. For. Survey Release 13. 28 p.
  - **15** — Kimmey, J. W. 1956. Cull factors for sitka spruce, western hemlock, and west red cedar in SE AK. USDA For. Serv. Alaska For. Res. Cen. Sta. Pap. 6.
  - **16** — Meinecke, E. P. 1916. Forest pathology in forest regulation. USDA Bull No. 275. 70 p.
  - **17** — Wier, J. R., E. E. Hubert. 1919. A study of the rots of western white pine. USDA Bull. 799. 24 p.
  - **18** — Etheridge, D. E. 1958. decay losses in subalpine spruce on the Rocky Mounta in Forest Reserve in Alberta. For. Chrono. 34:116-131.
  - **19** — BC Forest Service. 1966. Butt-taper tables for commercial tree species of c oastal BC. BC Forest Service Forest Survey Note No. 7
  - **2** — Bier, Salibury, and Waldie. 1948. Studies in pathology. V. Decay in Fir... Can. Dept. Agr. Tech Bull. 66. 28 p.
  - **20** — Kimmey, J. W. and E. M. Hornibrook. 1952. Cull andbreakage factors and othe r tree measurements. USDA/FS, Cal. For.&Range Exp.Sta, Survey Rel.13, 28pp.
  - **3** — Boyce, J. S. 1920. The dry rot of incense cedar. USDA Bull. No. 871. 58 p
  - **4** — Boyce, J. S. 1932. Decay and other losses in Douglas-fir in western ?Oregon and Washington. USDA Tech. Bull 286. 60 p.
  - **5** — Boyce, J. S. and J. W. B. Wagg. 1953. Conk rot of old-growth Douglas-fir i n western Oregon. Oregon Forest Products Laboratory Bull. 4. 96 p.
  - **6** — Brandstrom A. J. F, and G. C. Flanagan. 1940. Volume losses in logging and marketing old growth Douglas fir. Timberman 41(7):17-22.
  - **7** — Buckland, D. C. R. E. Foster, V. J. Nordin. 1949. Studies in forest patholog y. VII Decay in w. hemolock and fir. Can. J. Res. C 27:312-331.
  - **8** — Englerth, G. H. 1942. Decay of western hemlock in western Oregon and Washi hington. Yale Scholl of Forestry Bull. No. 50. 53 p.
  - **9** — Foster, R. E., J. E. Browne, and A. T. Foster. 1958. Studies in forest patho logy XIX. Western hemlock and ambilis fir Can Dept. Agric. Publ. 1029. 37 p.


## Entity 4: TV03004

### Attribute list

- **STCODE** — varchar, enum

Database code

  - **TV030** — FSDB Database code TV030 (terrestrial vegetation)


- **FORMAT** — numeric(1.000000), range  4.0000  4.0000, number

Entity number


- **SPECIES** — varchar, enum

Tree species code according to Garrison et al., 1972

  - **ABAM** — Abies amabilis
  - **ABCO** — Abies concolor
  - **ABLA2** — Abies lasiocarpa
  - **ACMA** — Acer macrophyllum
  - **ALRU** — Alnus rubra
  - **CHNO** — Chamaecyparis nootkatensis
  - **PIEN** — Picea engelmannii
  - **PISI** — Picea sitchensis
  - **PIMO** — Pinus monticola
  - **PSME** — Pseudotsuga menziesii
  - **SESE2** — Sequoia sempervirens
  - **THPL** — Thuja plicata
  - **TSHE** — Tsuga heterophylla
  - **LIDE2** — Libocedrus decurrens


- **HEIGHT** — numeric(0.010000), range  0.1000  1.5000, meters

Heigth of the stump


- **STUMP_DBH** — numeric(0.100000), range  20.0000  250.0000, centimeters

Stump diameter at breast height


- **STUMPD** — numeric(0.100000), range  20.0000  300.0000, centimeters

Stump diameter


- **SOURCE** — varchar, enum

Source of the data

  - **1** — Bier, Foster, and Salisbury. 1946. Studies in forest pathology IV. Decay in Sitka spruce. Can. Dept. Agr. Tech Bull. 56. 35 p.
  - **10** — Foster, R. E., A. T. Foster. 1951. Studies in forest pathology. XII Decay o f western hemlock... Can. J. Bot. 29:479-521.
  - **11** — Foster, R. E. H. M. Craig, G. W. Wallis 1954. Studies in forest plathology XII. western hemlock... Can. J. Bot. 29: 479-521
  - **12** — Hanzlik, E. J. and F. S. Fuller. 1911. A study of breakage, defect and was te in Douglas fir. U. Washington Forestry Club 5: 32-39
  - **13** — Hinds, T. E., F. G. Halwksworth, R. W. Davidson. 1960. Decay of subalpine fir in Colorado. USDA For. Serv. RM Sta. Pap. 51. 13 p.
  - **14** — Kimmey, J. W. and E. M. Hornibrook. 1952. Cull and breakage factors...for redwood. UDSA Calif. For. & Rang. Exp. Sta. For. Survey Release 13. 28 p.
  - **15** — Kimmey, J. W. 1956. Cull factors for sitka spruce, western hemlock, and west red cedar in SE AK. USDA For. Serv. Alaska For. Res. Cen. Sta. Pap. 6.
  - **16** — Meinecke, E. P. 1916. Forest pathology in forest regulation. USDA Bull No. 275. 70 p.
  - **17** — Wier, J. R., E. E. Hubert. 1919. A study of the rots of western white pine. USDA Bull. 799. 24 p.
  - **18** — Etheridge, D. E. 1958. decay losses in subalpine spruce on the Rocky Mounta in Forest Reserve in Alberta. For. Chrono. 34:116-131.
  - **19** — BC Forest Service. 1966. Butt-taper tables for commercial tree species of c oastal BC. BC Forest Service Forest Survey Note No. 7
  - **2** — Bier, Salibury, and Waldie. 1948. Studies in pathology. V. Decay in Fir... Can. Dept. Agr. Tech Bull. 66. 28 p.
  - **20** — Kimmey, J. W. and E. M. Hornibrook. 1952. Cull andbreakage factors and othe r tree measurements. USDA/FS, Cal. For.&Range Exp.Sta, Survey Rel.13, 28pp.
  - **3** — Boyce, J. S. 1920. The dry rot of incense cedar. USDA Bull. No. 871. 58 p
  - **4** — Boyce, J. S. 1932. Decay and other losses in Douglas-fir in western ?Oregon and Washington. USDA Tech. Bull 286. 60 p.
  - **5** — Boyce, J. S. and J. W. B. Wagg. 1953. Conk rot of old-growth Douglas-fir i n western Oregon. Oregon Forest Products Laboratory Bull. 4. 96 p.
  - **6** — Brandstrom A. J. F, and G. C. Flanagan. 1940. Volume losses in logging and marketing old growth Douglas fir. Timberman 41(7):17-22.
  - **7** — Buckland, D. C. R. E. Foster, V. J. Nordin. 1949. Studies in forest patholog y. VII Decay in w. hemolock and fir. Can. J. Res. C 27:312-331.
  - **8** — Englerth, G. H. 1942. Decay of western hemlock in western Oregon and Washi hington. Yale Scholl of Forestry Bull. No. 50. 53 p.
  - **9** — Foster, R. E., J. E. Browne, and A. T. Foster. 1958. Studies in forest patho logy XIX. Western hemlock and ambilis fir Can Dept. Agric. Publ. 1029. 37 p.


## Attribute Definitions

**AGE**

Tree age


**BASIS**

The number trees estimates of decay were derived


**BREAKBF**

Percent breakage on a board foot basis


**BREAKC**

Percent breakage on a cubic foot or meter basis


**DBH**

Stump Diameter at breast height


**DECAYBF**

Percent decay on a board foot basis


**DECAYC**

Percent decay on a cubic foot or meter basis


**ESTIMATE**

Indicates if the cubic basis deacy percent was estimated from the board foot values. Estimates based on regression from studies presenting both numbers.


**FORMAT**

Entity number


**HEIGHT**

Heigth of the stump


**SITE**

Site index class for the trees sampled


**SLOPE**

Slope of the sample plots


**SOURCE**

Source of the data


**SPECIES**

Tree species code according to Garrison et al., 1972


**STCODE**

Database code


**STUMPD**

Stump diameter


**STUMP_DBH**

Stump diameter at breast height


## Enumerated Domains

### STCODE

- **TV030** — FSDB Database code TV030 (terrestrial vegetation)

### SPECIES

- **ABAM** — Abies amabilis

- **ABCO** — Abies concolor

- **ABLA2** — Abies lasiocarpa

- **ACMA** — Acer macrophyllum

- **ALRU** — Alnus rubra

- **CHNO** — Chamaecyparis nootkatensis

- **PIEN** — Picea engelmannii

- **PISI** — Picea sitchensis

- **PIMO** — Pinus monticola

- **PSME** — Pseudotsuga menziesii

- **SESE2** — Sequoia sempervirens

- **THPL** — Thuja plicata

- **TSHE** — Tsuga heterophylla

- **LIDE2** — Libocedrus decurrens

### ESTIMATE

- ** ** — No estimate of one percentage from another

- **B** — Board foot percentage estimated from cubic foot percentage

- **C** — Cubic foot precentage estimated from board foot precentage.

### SOURCE

- **1** — Bier, Foster, and Salisbury. 1946. Studies in forest pathology IV. Decay in Sitka spruce. Can. Dept. Agr. Tech Bull. 56. 35 p.

- **10** — Foster, R. E., A. T. Foster. 1951. Studies in forest pathology. XII Decay o f western hemlock... Can. J. Bot. 29:479-521.

- **11** — Foster, R. E. H. M. Craig, G. W. Wallis 1954. Studies in forest plathology XII. western hemlock... Can. J. Bot. 29: 479-521

- **12** — Hanzlik, E. J. and F. S. Fuller. 1911. A study of breakage, defect and was te in Douglas fir. U. Washington Forestry Club 5: 32-39

- **13** — Hinds, T. E., F. G. Halwksworth, R. W. Davidson. 1960. Decay of subalpine fir in Colorado. USDA For. Serv. RM Sta. Pap. 51. 13 p.

- **14** — Kimmey, J. W. and E. M. Hornibrook. 1952. Cull and breakage factors...for redwood. UDSA Calif. For. & Rang. Exp. Sta. For. Survey Release 13. 28 p.

- **15** — Kimmey, J. W. 1956. Cull factors for sitka spruce, western hemlock, and west red cedar in SE AK. USDA For. Serv. Alaska For. Res. Cen. Sta. Pap. 6.

- **16** — Meinecke, E. P. 1916. Forest pathology in forest regulation. USDA Bull No. 275. 70 p.

- **17** — Wier, J. R., E. E. Hubert. 1919. A study of the rots of western white pine. USDA Bull. 799. 24 p.

- **18** — Etheridge, D. E. 1958. decay losses in subalpine spruce on the Rocky Mounta in Forest Reserve in Alberta. For. Chrono. 34:116-131.

- **19** — BC Forest Service. 1966. Butt-taper tables for commercial tree species of c oastal BC. BC Forest Service Forest Survey Note No. 7

- **2** — Bier, Salibury, and Waldie. 1948. Studies in pathology. V. Decay in Fir... Can. Dept. Agr. Tech Bull. 66. 28 p.

- **20** — Kimmey, J. W. and E. M. Hornibrook. 1952. Cull andbreakage factors and othe r tree measurements. USDA/FS, Cal. For.&Range Exp.Sta, Survey Rel.13, 28pp.

- **3** — Boyce, J. S. 1920. The dry rot of incense cedar. USDA Bull. No. 871. 58 p

- **4** — Boyce, J. S. 1932. Decay and other losses in Douglas-fir in western ?Oregon and Washington. USDA Tech. Bull 286. 60 p.

- **5** — Boyce, J. S. and J. W. B. Wagg. 1953. Conk rot of old-growth Douglas-fir i n western Oregon. Oregon Forest Products Laboratory Bull. 4. 96 p.

- **6** — Brandstrom A. J. F, and G. C. Flanagan. 1940. Volume losses in logging and marketing old growth Douglas fir. Timberman 41(7):17-22.

- **7** — Buckland, D. C. R. E. Foster, V. J. Nordin. 1949. Studies in forest patholog y. VII Decay in w. hemolock and fir. Can. J. Res. C 27:312-331.

- **8** — Englerth, G. H. 1942. Decay of western hemlock in western Oregon and Washi hington. Yale Scholl of Forestry Bull. No. 50. 53 p.

- **9** — Foster, R. E., J. E. Browne, and A. T. Foster. 1958. Studies in forest patho logy XIX. Western hemlock and ambilis fir Can Dept. Agric. Publ. 1029. 37 p.

### SLOPE

- **R** — Rough ground

- **S** — Smooth ground