uid=AND,o=lter,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all public read SP017 Robert P. Griffiths

Oregon State University;Dept. of Forest Science;321 Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331-5752 USA

(541) 737-6559 bbgriff@peak.org griff@for.orst.edu Robert P. Griffiths

Oregon State University;Dept. of Forest Science;321 Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331-5752 USA

(541) 737-6559 bbgriff@peak.org griff@for.orst.edu Principal Investigator Robert P. Griffiths

Oregon State University;Dept. of Forest Science;321 Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331-5752 USA

(541) 737-6559 bbgriff@peak.org griff@for.orst.edu Abstractor Robert P. Griffiths

Oregon State University;Dept. of Forest Science;321 Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331-5752 USA

(541) 737-6559 bbgriff@peak.org griff@for.orst.edu Creator 2011-09-14 This is the first of three tree-fall gap studies conducted at the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest addressing the effects of tree-fall gaps on forest soil characteristics. The second (Gap2) compared the effects of gaps on soil properties along both N-S and E-W transects to better differentiate between microclimate and vegetation effects within gaps. The final study (Gap3) expanded the number of variables studied and sampling intensity. By using the same grid system as Dr. Andy Gray in his vegetation survey work, the Gap3 study provided the most definitive connection between above-ground vegetation and associated below-ground processes. Soil properties in 10, 20, 30, and 50 meter tree-fall gaps were compared with soils in the surrounding old-growth Douglas-fir forest by sampling at 1 meter intervals along transects running north and south through the gaps. These transects extended one radius into the surrounding forest. This study was designed to determine if carbon cycling within these gaps were different from those in the soils of surrounding undisturbed forests. If there were differences, she wanted to determine what sized gap was required to show an effect. These transects were divided into four zones. Two zones were north of the E-W centerline; one in and one out of the gap. The other two zones were south of the E-W centerline; one in and one out of the gap. disturbance inorganic nutrients soil forests canopy gaps LTER controlled vocabulary Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Andrews Experimental Forest site thesaurus disturbance inorganic nutrients LTER core research areas The following are publications describing past work in these gaps: Gray, A.N., and T.A. Spies. 1995. Water content measurement in decayed wood and forest soils using time domain reflectometry. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25: 376-385. Gray, A.N., and T.A. Spies. 1996. Gap size, within-gap position, and canopy structure effects on seedling establishment of conifer species in forest canopy gaps. Journal of Ecology 84: 635-645. Gray, A.N., and T.A. Spies. 1997. Microsite controls on tree seedling establishment in conifer forest canopy gaps. Ecology 78:2458-2473. McCune, B. 1993. Gradients in epiphyte biomass in three Pseudotsuga-Tsuga forests of different ages in western Oregon and Washington. Bryologist 96: 405-411. McCune, B. 1994. Using epiphyte litter to estimate epiphyte biomass. Bryologist 97: 396-401. Van Pelt, R., and M.P. North. 1996. Analyzing canopy structure in Pacific Northwest old-growth forests with a stand-scale crown model. Northwest Science 70(special issue): 15-30. Van Pelt, Robert, and Jerry F. Franklin. 1999. Response of understory trees to experimental gaps in old-growth Douglas-fir forests. Ecological Applications 9: 504-512. Van Pelt, Robert, and Jerry F. Franklin. 2000. Influence of canopy structure on the understory environment in tall, old-growth conifer forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30: 1231-1245. Vogt, K.A., D.A. Publicover, J. Bloomfield, J.M. Perez, D.J. Vogt and W.L. Silver. 1993. Belowground responses as indicators of environmental change. Environmental and Experimental Botany 33:189-205. Vogt, K.A., D.J. Vogt, H. Asbjornsen, and R.A. Dahlgren. 1995. Roots, nutrients and their relationship to spatial patterns. Plant and Soil 169: 113-123. Vogt, K.A., D.J. Vogt, H. Asbjornsen, and R.A. Dahlgren. 1995. Roots, nutrients and their relationship to spatial patterns. In: pp. 113-123 (L.O. Nilsson, R.F. Huttle and U.T. Johansson, eds.) Nutrient Uptake and Cycling in Forest Ecosystems. Developments in Plant and Soil Science Vol. 62. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston. Gitzen, R.A. 1999. The Effects of Experimental Canopy Gaps on Small Mammal Communities in the Southern Washington Cascades. M.S. Thesis. University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Gray, A. N. 1995. Tree seedling establishment on heterogenous microsites in Douglas-fir forest canopy gaps. Dissertation. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR . London, S.G. 1999. Spatial Distribution of Understory Vegetation in Tree Canopy Gaps of the Pacific Northwest. M.S. Thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. St. Pierre, E.A. 2000. Effects of canopy gaps in Douglas-fir forests and resource gradients on fecundity and growth of understory herbs. Dissertation. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. Van Pelt, R. 1995. Understory Tree Response to Canopy Gaps in Old-growth Douglas-fir Forests of the Pacific Northwest. Dissertation. University of Washington, Seattle, WA. These tree-fall gaps were established in 1990 by T.A. Spies and A.N. Gray. A complete description of these sites are given in: Gray, A.N., and Spies, T.A. (1996). The general FSDB code for this study is TV025. Shirley King, assisted by her husband Jon, conducted the measurements at the H.J. Andrews in the summer of 1995. The National Science Foundation provided financial support from grants BSR-9011663, BIO-9200809, and DEB-9318502 from the Long-Term Ecological Research program Data Use Agreement: The re-use of scientific data has the potential to greatly increase communication, collaboration and synthesis within and among disciplines, and thus is fostered, supported and encouraged. This Data Set is released under the Creative Commons license CC BY "Attribution" (see: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Creative Commons license CC BY - Attribution is a license that allows others to distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work (even commercially), as long as you are credited for the original creation. This license accommodates maximum dissemination and use of licensed materials. It is considered professional conduct and an ethical obligation to acknowledge the work of other scientists. The Data User is asked to provide attribution of the original work if this data package is shared in whole or by individual parts or used in the derivation of other products. A recommended citation is provided for each Data Set in the Andrews LTER data catalog (see: http://andlter.forestry.oregonstate.edu/data/catalog/datacatalog.aspx). A generic citation is also provided for this Data Set on the website https://portal.edirepository.org in the summary metadata page. Data Users are thus strongly encouraged to consider consultation, collaboration and/or co-authorship with the Data Set Creator. While substantial efforts are made to ensure the accuracy of data and associated documentation, complete accuracy of data sets cannot be guaranteed and all data are made available "as is." The Data User should be aware, however, that data are updated periodically and it is the responsibility of the Data User to check for new versions of the data. The data authors and the repository where these data were obtained shall not be liable for damages resulting from any use or misinterpretation of the data. General acknowledgement: Data were provided by the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest research program, funded by the National Science Foundation's Long-Term Ecological Research Program (DEB 2025755), US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, and Oregon State University. If data used in publication, Robert Griffiths and Shirley King will be listed as a coauthor. Whenever these data are presented in whatever form, Griffiths and King will be acknowledged. http://andlter.forestry.oregonstate.edu/data/abstract.aspx?dbcode=SP017 1995-01-07 1995-01-08 Tree-fall gaps are known to play an important role in the formation and maintenance of old-growth forest structure and forest biodiversity. Prior research has focused on above-ground vegetative succession and population dynamics and little is known about changes occurring below-ground as vegetation becomes reestablished. The interplay between gap microclimatic gradients and both vegetation and the below-ground component of the ecosystem is potentially complex. Thus to understand how gaps influence forest floor carbon cycling, one must consider both above and below-ground components. Soil moisture and temperature were both higher in the gap than in the surrounding forest but SOM, lab respiration and litter depth were both lower in the gap than in the forest. These results suggest that either litter input is lower in the gap than in the surrounding forest and/or that the decomposition rates are lower in the gap. Except for the smallest gap, soil moisture was lower and temperature higher in the northern half of the gap. In the 50 m gaps, laboratory respiration rates, litter depth, and soil organic matter (SOM) were higher in the southern portion of the gap as were total carbon values.

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Andrews Forest LTER Program US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station 3200 SW Jefferson Way Corvallis OR 97331

hjaweb@fsl.orst.edu http://andrewsforest.oregonstate.edu/ Robert P. Griffiths

Oregon State University;Dept. of Forest Science;321 Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331-5752 USA

(541) 737-6559 bbgriff@peak.org griff@for.orst.edu Andrews Forest LTER Site

Forest Ecosystems and Society Department in Forestry Oregon State University 201K Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331-5752

(541) 737-8480 lterweb@fsl.orst.edu http://andrewsforest.oregonstate.edu/ Field Methods - SP017 Litter depth and soil temperature measurements were made in the field. Litter depth was measured with a cm ruler and soil temperatures were made in the top 10 cm of soil using a dial thermometer calibrated with ice water. Cores (4.7 x 10 cm) were collected for bulk density measurements. Grab samples were taken to a depth of 10 cm with a trowel for soil for the laboratory measurements of gravimetric soil moisture, laboratory respiration and total N and C. Laboratory Methods - SP017 In preparation for laboratory analyses, all soils were sieved through a 2-mm sieve. Soil moisture was determined by drying duplicate 10 g field-moist sieved soils at 100°C for at least 8 h. The percent soil moisture was calculated by dividing the difference between wet and dry samples and dividing that number by the dry wt., which was then multiplied by 100. Soil organic mater (SOM) was measured as weight loss after ignition at 550 ºC for 12 h on soils that had been dried at 100°C for 12 h. Laboratory respiration measurements were made in duplicate on 5 g of field-moist soil brought up to a moisture level of 75% with de-ionized water. The soil sample was added to a 25-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Once sealed with serum bottle stoppers, the flasks were incubated at 15°C for 2 weeks. Headspace CO2 concentration was measured using a gas chromatograph fitted a flame ionization detector and a methanizer in series. Ten percent of the samples were analyzed for total carbon and nitrogen using a Carlo-Erba® NA Series 2 CNS analyzer. The soils were pulverized and passed through a 60 mesh screen in preparation for analysis. Sample size varied from 8-15 mg. Sampling frequency: 1 set of measurements at each sample node on grid A general description of these gaps and the rational for this long-term study have been described by Gray and Spies (1996). The experimental design and site descriptions have been published (Gray and Spies, 1996, 1997) but are summarized below. Replicate 10, 20, 30 and 50 gaps as well as one 30 m control gap were used to determine how tree-fall gaps influence soil carbon cycling. These gaps were created in the fall of 1990 at a site located 44 15N, 122 15W at an elevation of 900 m at the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the Central Oregon Cascade Mountains. This study was conducted 5 years after gap formation. North-south transects were established through the center of all gaps and sample nodes were located at 1 m intervals along those transects. These transects ran one radius length into the surrounding forest. These transects were divided into four zones. Two zones were north of the E-W centerline; one in and one out of the gap. The other two zones were south of the E-W centerline; one in and one out of the gap. Citation: Gray, A.N., and T.A. Spies. 1996. Gap size, within-gap position, and canopy structure effects on seedling establishment of conifer species in forest canopy gaps. Journal of Ecology 84: 635-645. Gray, A.N., and T.A. Spies. 1997. Microsite controls on tree seedling establishment in conifer forest canopy gaps. Ecology 78:2458-2473. Andrews Experimental Forest (HJA) -122.26172200 -122.10084700 44.28196400 44.19770400 1631 1631 meter Cascade Head Experimental Forest -123.99172777 -123.89730000 45.06476948 45.03130000 Sherri L. Johnson

US Forest Service ;Pacific NW Research Station ;3200 SW Jefferson Way Corvallis OR 97331 USA

541-758-7771 sherri.johnson2@usda.gov sherri.johnson@oregonstate.edu https://www.fs.fed.us/research/people/profile.php?alias=sherrijohnson Principal Investigator Julia A. Jones

Oregon State University;Department of Geosciences; Wilkinson Hall 104 Corvallis OR 97331-5506 USA

(541) 737-1224 Julia.Jones@oregonstate.edu geojulia@comcast.net http://ceoas.oregonstate.edu/profile/jones/ http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9429-8925 Principal Investigator Matthew G Betts

Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society; 201E Richardson Hall; College of Forestry; Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331

(541) 737-3841 matt.betts@oregonstate.edu http://www.fsl.orst.edu/flel/index.htm Principal Investigator Michael P. Nelson

Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society; 201K Richarson Hall; College of Forestry; Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331

541-737-9221 mpnelson@oregonstate.edu http://www.michaelpnelson.com http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6917-4752 Principal Investigator David Bell david.bell@usda.gov david.bell@oregonstate.edu https://lemma.forestry.oregonstate.edu/about/david-bell Principal Investigator The H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest is a living laboratory that provides unparalleled opportunities for the study of forest and stream ecosystems in the central Cascade Range of Oregon. Since 1980, as a part of the National Science Foundation Long Term Ecological Research (NSF-LTER) program, the Andrews Experimental Forest has become a leader in the analysis of forest and stream ecosystem dynamics. Long-term field experiments and measurement programs have focused on climate dynamics, streamflow, water quality, and vegetation succession. Currently researchers are working to develop concepts and tools needed to predict effects of natural disturbance, land use, and climate change on ecosystem structure, function, and species composition. The Andrews Experimental Forest is administered cooperatively by the USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Oregon State University and the Willamette National Forest. Funding for the research program comes from the National Science Foundation (NSF), US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Oregon State University, and other sources. Data were provided by the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest research program, funded by the National Science Foundation's Long-Term Ecological Research Program (DEB 2025755), US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, and Oregon State University. National Science Foundation: DEB1440409 The Andrews Forest is situated in the western Cascade Range of Oregon, and covers the entire 15,800-acre (6400-ha) drainage basin of Lookout Creek. Elevation ranges from 1350 to 5340 feet (410 to 1630 m). Broadly representative of the rugged mountainous landscape of the Pacific Northwest, the Andrews Forest contains excellent examples of the region's conifer forests and associated wildlife and stream ecosystems. These forests are among the tallest and most productive in the world, with tree heights of often greater than 250 ft (75 m). Streams are steep, cold and clean, providing habitat for numerous aquatic organisms. 1 SP01701 The influence of tree-fall gaps on soil characteristics in gaps of varying sizes: SP01701.csv 25875 e1b41645cf6bfe9d25658afb167bd73f 1 \r\n column , " http://andlter.forestry.oregonstate.edu/ltermeta/ltersearch/dataaccess.aspx?docid=SP01701_v1.csv GAPNUMBR Site designator; gap 100 was a none-cut gap control numeric(3,0) number 1.000000 natural 110.0000 210.0000 GAPSIZE Gap diameter in meters numeric(2,0) meters 1.000000 natural 10.0000 50.0000 LOCATION Sampling location along transect numeric(2,0) number 1.000000 whole 1.0000 50.0000 N_S Sample location north or south of gap center numeric(1,0) number 1.000000 whole 0.0000 1.0000 ZONE 1=Nout; 2=Nin; 3=Sout; 4=Sin; numeric(1,0) number 1.000000 natural 1.0000 4.0000 IN_OUT OUT = out of gap, IN = in gap char(3) OUT = out of gap, IN = in gap MOIST Percent moisture numeric(5,1) percent 0.100000 real 0.0000 100.0000 SOILTEMP Soil temperature numeric(4,1) degrees Celsius 0.100000 real 5.0000 15.0000 SOM Soil organic matter numeric(4,1) percent 0.100000 real 5.0000 40.0000 LITTER Litter depth numeric(4,1) centimeters 0.100000 real 0.0000 20.0000 BULKDENS Bulk density numeric(4,2) grams per square centimeter 0.010000 real 0.0000 1.0000 TOTALN Total nitrogen numeric(5,3) percent 0.001000 real 1.0000 1.0000 TOTALC Total carbon numeric(5,3) percent 0.001000 real 1.0000 20.0000 C_NRATIO Total carbon/total nitrogn numeric(2,0) number 1.000000 natural 15.0000 45.0000 LABRESP Laboratory respiration rates (dry weight basis, as C) numeric(3,0) micrograms per gram per hour 1.000000 natural 0.0000 4.0000 NOTNULL SP01701.GAPNUMBR SP01701.GAPSIZE SP01701.IN_OUT SP01701.LOCATION SP01701.N_S SP01701.ZONE 510 grams per square centimeter meter; SI unit of length micrograms per gram per hour centimeters; .01 meters Degrees Celsius; a common unit of temperature; constantToSI=273.18 percent; a number dimensionless number, i.e., ratio, count