uid=AND,o=lter,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all public read SP018 Robert P. Griffiths

Oregon State University;Dept. of Forest Science;321 Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331-5752 USA

(541) 737-6559 bbgriff@peak.org griff@for.orst.edu Robert P. Griffiths

Oregon State University;Dept. of Forest Science;321 Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331-5752 USA

(541) 737-6559 bbgriff@peak.org griff@for.orst.edu Principal Investigator Robert P. Griffiths

Oregon State University;Dept. of Forest Science;321 Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331-5752 USA

(541) 737-6559 bbgriff@peak.org griff@for.orst.edu Abstractor Robert P. Griffiths

Oregon State University;Dept. of Forest Science;321 Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331-5752 USA

(541) 737-6559 bbgriff@peak.org griff@for.orst.edu Creator 2011-09-14 This was the second in a series of tree-fall gap studies conducted at the HJA addressing the effects of tree-fall gaps on forest soil characteristics. The first looked at the effects of gap size on changes in soil carbon cycling within the gap along N-S transects. The present study compares the effects of gaps on soil properties along both N-S and E-W transects to better differentiate between microclimate and vegetation effects within the gaps. The third study expanded the number of variables studied and sampling intensity. By using the same grid system as Dr. Andy Gray in his vegetation survey work, we were able to relate below-ground processes with above-ground vegetation. Soil properties in eight, 7 year-old tree-fall gaps were compared with soils in the surrounding old-growth Douglas-fir forest. Soil characteristics were measured along two transects; one running north and south and the other east and west. This study was an extension of one done two years earlier by Shirley King (see Gap1 - study code SP017). In that study, there were significant differences in soil properties not only between soils collected in and out of gaps but also by orientation within the gap. More specifically, soils in the north end of the larger gaps were significantly different from those in the south. This study was designed confirm the previous findings that soils within gaps were different than those in the surrounding forest. In addition, we wanted to determine if there were also E/W differences. If there were none, then we could conclude that microclimate gradients were effecting these soils because the microclimate gradient along E/W transects should be much less than that found along N/S transects. We chose to measure soil characteristics at 2-meter intervals using this same basic design used by Shirley King in the Gap1 study. E/W and N/S transects were established in all of the gaps that were studied in Gap1 with the transects extending one radius into the surrounding forest. disturbance inorganic nutrients soil forests canopy gaps LTER controlled vocabulary Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Andrews Experimental Forest site thesaurus disturbance inorganic nutrients LTER core research areas The following are publications describing past work in these gaps: Gray, A.N., and T.A. Spies. 1995. Water content measurement in decayed wood and forest soils using time domain reflectometry. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25: 376-385. Gray, A.N., and T.A. Spies. 1996. Gap size, within-gap position, and canopy structure effects on seedling establishment of conifer species in forest canopy gaps. Journal of Ecology 84: 635-645. Gray, A.N., and T.A. Spies. 1997. Microsite controls on tree seedling establishment in conifer forest canopy gaps. Ecology 78:2458-2473. McCune, B. 1993. Gradients in epiphyte biomass in three Pseudotsuga-Tsuga forests of different ages in western Oregon and Washington. Bryologist 96: 405-411. McCune, B. 1994. Using epiphyte litter to estimate epiphyte biomass. Bryologist 97: 396-401. Van Pelt, R., and M.P. North. 1996. Analyzing canopy structure in Pacific Northwest old-growth forests with a stand-scale crown model. Northwest Science 70(special issue): 15-30. Van Pelt, Robert, and Jerry F. Franklin. 1999. Response of understory trees to experimental gaps in old-growth Douglas-fir forests. Ecological Applications 9: 504-512. Van Pelt, Robert, and Jerry F. Franklin. 2000. Influence of canopy structure on the understory environment in tall, old-growth conifer forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30: 1231-1245. Vogt, K.A., D.A. Publicover, J. Bloomfield, J.M. Perez, D.J. Vogt and W.L. Silver. 1993. Belowground responses as indicators of environmental change. Environmental and Experimental Botany 33:189-205. Vogt, K.A., D.J. Vogt, H. Asbjornsen, and R.A. Dahlgren. 1995. Roots, nutrients and their relationship to spatial patterns. Plant and Soil 169: 113-123. Vogt, K.A., D.J. Vogt, H. Asbjornsen, and R.A. Dahlgren. 1995. Roots, nutrients and their relationship to spatial patterns. In: pp. 113-123 (L.O. Nilsson, R.F. Huttle and U.T. Johansson, eds.) Nutrient Uptake and Cycling in Forest Ecosystems. Developments in Plant and Soil Science Vol. 62. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston. Gitzen, R.A. 1999. The Effects of Experimental Canopy Gaps on Small Mammal Communities in the Southern Washington Cascades. M.S. Thesis. University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Gray, A. N. 1995. Tree seedling establishment on heterogenous microsites in Douglas-fir forest canopy gaps. Dissertation. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR . London, S.G. 1999. Spatial Distribution of Understory Vegetation in Tree Canopy Gaps of the Pacific Northwest. M.S. Thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. St. Pierre, E.A. 2000. Effects of canopy gaps in Douglas-fir forests and resource gradients on fecundity and growth of understory herbs. Dissertation. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. Van Pelt, R. 1995. Understory Tree Response to Canopy Gaps in Old-growth Douglas-fir Forests of the Pacific Northwest. Dissertation. University of Washington, Seattle, WA. These tree-fall gaps were established in 1990 by T.A. Spies and A.N. Gray. A complete description of these sites are given in: Gray, A.N., and Spies, T.A. (1996). The general FSDB code for this study is TV025. Students who conducted the measurements at the H.J. Andrews during the summer of 1998 were: Trina Filan, Rebecca Myers, Karen Peterson, and Elaine Lai. Trina Filan conducted this research as a partial fulfillment for a master’s degree. She was also the field team leader. Trina Filan, Rebecca Myers, Karen Peterson,Elaine Lai ,Amy Holcomb and Louisa Hooven.The National Science Foundation provided financial support from grants Data Use Agreement: The re-use of scientific data has the potential to greatly increase communication, collaboration and synthesis within and among disciplines, and thus is fostered, supported and encouraged. This Data Set is released under the Creative Commons license CC BY "Attribution" (see: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Creative Commons license CC BY - Attribution is a license that allows others to distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work (even commercially), as long as you are credited for the original creation. This license accommodates maximum dissemination and use of licensed materials. It is considered professional conduct and an ethical obligation to acknowledge the work of other scientists. The Data User is asked to provide attribution of the original work if this data package is shared in whole or by individual parts or used in the derivation of other products. A recommended citation is provided for each Data Set in the Andrews LTER data catalog (see: http://andlter.forestry.oregonstate.edu/data/catalog/datacatalog.aspx). A generic citation is also provided for this Data Set on the website https://portal.edirepository.org in the summary metadata page. Data Users are thus strongly encouraged to consider consultation, collaboration and/or co-authorship with the Data Set Creator. While substantial efforts are made to ensure the accuracy of data and associated documentation, complete accuracy of data sets cannot be guaranteed and all data are made available "as is." The Data User should be aware, however, that data are updated periodically and it is the responsibility of the Data User to check for new versions of the data. The data authors and the repository where these data were obtained shall not be liable for damages resulting from any use or misinterpretation of the data. General acknowledgement: Data were provided by the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest research program, funded by the National Science Foundation's Long-Term Ecological Research Program (DEB 2025755), US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, and Oregon State University. If data used in publication, the Griffiths and Filan will be listed as a coauthors. Whenever these data are presented in whatever form, the PI will be acknowledged. http://andlter.forestry.oregonstate.edu/data/abstract.aspx?dbcode=SP018 1997-07-01 1997-07-24 Tree-fall gaps are known to play an important role in the formation and maintenance of old-growth forest structure and forest biodiversity. Prior research has focused on above-ground vegetative succession and population dynamics and little is known about changes occurring below-ground as vegetation becomes reestablished. The interplay between gap microclimatic gradients and both vegetation and the below-ground component of the ecosystem is potentially complex. Thus to understand how gaps influence forest floor characteristics, one must consider how both vegetative and microclimatic gradients influence soil properties. This study was designed to assist and differentiating between these effects.

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Andrews Forest LTER Program US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station 3200 SW Jefferson Way Corvallis OR 97331

hjaweb@fsl.orst.edu http://andrewsforest.oregonstate.edu/ Andrews Forest LTER Site

Forest Ecosystems and Society Department in Forestry Oregon State University 201K Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331-5752

(541) 737-8480 lterweb@fsl.orst.edu http://andrewsforest.oregonstate.edu/ Field Methods - SP018 The following measurements were made in the field: litter depth, mineral soil respiration, ambient light, soil temperature and the relative abundance of ectomycorrhizal mat. Field (mineral soil) respiration rates were measured with a nondispersive, infrared CO2 analyzer (Li-Cor, LI-6200). Measurements were made over a period of 1 min after the chamber gas reached ambient CO2 concentration. The instrument was calibrated on site against a known standard at each location. A Q10 adjustment was made for ambient soil temperature. Soil temperature was measured by electronic thermometers calibrated at 0 degrees C with ice water. The temperature probes were inserted into the mineral soil to a depth of 10 cm. Light was measured with the Li-Cor photometer. The distribution of ectomycorrhizal mats was determined visually in the field by inspecting the relative abundance of mats in 4.7 x 10 cm cores. This approach has been used successfully in the past to document ectomycorrhizal mat distribution patterns in coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest (Griffiths et al. 1996). Laboratory Methods - SP018 In preparation for laboratory analyses, all soils were sieved through a 2-mm sieve. Soil moisture was determined by drying duplicate 10 g field-moist sieved soils at 100 degrees C for at least 8 h. The percent soil moisture was calculated by dividing the difference between wet and dry samples and dividing that number by the dry wt., which was then multiplied by 100. Soil organic matter was measured by loss-on-ignition at 550 degrees C for 6 h after oven drying at 100 degrees C. Duplicate denitrification potential measurements were made using a method by Groffman and Tiedje (1989) as modified by us (Griffiths et al., 1998). Each reaction vessel (25-mL Erlenmeyer flask) contained 5 g of less than 2 mm, field-moist soil. Flasks were sealed with rubber serum bottle stoppers and purged with Ar to displace O2 in the headspace gas. After purging with Ar, 2 mL of a 1 mM solution of glucose and NO3- was added to each flask. Flasks were subsequently incubated at 25 degrees C for 1 h. This preincubation period was used because previous time-series experiments showed a lag in N2O production during this period. The same experiments have shown linear N2O production rates during the following 2-4 h (unpublished data). After the preincubation period, 0.5 mL of headspace gas was removed from the reaction vessel and injected into a gas chromatograph (GC) fitted with an electron capture detector (Hewlett Packard model 5890 GC, connected to a Hewlett Packard model 3396 integrator). The integrator was calibrated by the external calibration method with known gas standards. A second headspace N2O analysis was made after an additional 2-h incubation at 25 degrees C. The net N2O released over this 2-h period was used to estimate N2O production rates. Duplicate laboratory respiration measurements were made on field-moist, sieved soils (4 g dry weight). These rates represent the basal respiration rate for soil microorganisms. Soils were brought to 75% moisture content by the addition of enough sterile deionized water to equal 3 g water per 25-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Once sealed with serum bottle stoppers, the flasks were incubated at 24 degrees C for 14 days after which headspace CO2 concentrations were measured using gas chromatography. This was a measure of labile soil carbon. The same GC and integrator as were used for this assay as that used to measure N2O, but in this case a flame ionization detector and a methanizer in series were used. Beta-glucosidase activity was determined by the spectrophotometric assay of Tabatabai and Bremmer (1969), as modified by Zou et al. (1992). One mL of 10 mM p-nitrophenyl b-D glucopyranoside substrate was added to duplicate 1-mL subsamples containing a soil slurry (1 gdw in 1 mL deionized H2O). The tubes were shaken and then placed with duplicate controls without substrate in a 30 degrees C water bath for 2 h. After incubating, 1 mL of 10 mM p-nitrophenyl b-D glucopyranoside was added to the controls, and all reactions were immediately stopped by the addition of 2 mL of 0.1 M tris[hydroxymethyl]aminomethane at pH 12.0. The mixtures were centrifuged for 5 min at 500 x g. From the supernatant, 0.2 mL was diluted with 2.0 mL deionized water. The optical density was measured at 410 nm, and a standard curve was prepared from 0.02 to 1.0 micro-mol/mL p-nitrophenol (pNP). Live root biomass was estimated from dried (8 h at 100 C) 4.8 x 10 cm cores. The roots were removed by hand and weighed. Sampling frequency: 1 set of measurements at each sample node on grid The experimental design and site descriptions have been published (Gray and Spies, 1996, 1997) but are summarized below. Eight gaps ranging in size from 10 to 50 m were used to determine how large tree-fall gaps influence below-ground properties along different microclimatic gradients. These gaps were created in the fall of 1990 at a site located 44 15 N, 122 15 W at an elevation of 900 m at the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the Central Oregon Cascade Mountains. This study was conducted 7 years after gap formation. This site and the rational for this long-term study have been described by Gray and Spies (1996). Cores (4.7 x 10 cm) were collected every 2 m along transects which extended one radius length into the surrounding forest. Citation: Gray, A.N., and T.A. Spies. 1996. Gap size, within-gap position, and canopy structure effects on seedling establishment of conifer species in forest canopy gaps. Journal of Ecology 84: 635-645. Gray, A.N., and T.A. Spies. 1997. Microsite controls on tree seedling establishment in conifer forest canopy gaps. Ecology 78:2458-2473. Andrews Experimental Forest (HJA) -122.26172200 -122.10084700 44.28196400 44.19770400 1631 1631 meter Cascade Head Experimental Forest -123.99172777 -123.89730000 45.06476948 45.03130000 Sherri L. Johnson

US Forest Service ;Pacific NW Research Station ;3200 SW Jefferson Way Corvallis OR 97331 USA

541-758-7771 sherri.johnson2@usda.gov sherri.johnson@oregonstate.edu https://www.fs.fed.us/research/people/profile.php?alias=sherrijohnson Principal Investigator Julia A. Jones

Oregon State University;Department of Geosciences; Wilkinson Hall 104 Corvallis OR 97331-5506 USA

(541) 737-1224 Julia.Jones@oregonstate.edu geojulia@comcast.net http://ceoas.oregonstate.edu/profile/jones/ http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9429-8925 Principal Investigator Matthew G Betts

Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society; 201E Richardson Hall; College of Forestry; Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331

(541) 737-3841 matt.betts@oregonstate.edu http://www.fsl.orst.edu/flel/index.htm Principal Investigator Michael P. Nelson

Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society; 201K Richarson Hall; College of Forestry; Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331

541-737-9221 mpnelson@oregonstate.edu http://www.michaelpnelson.com http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6917-4752 Principal Investigator David Bell david.bell@usda.gov david.bell@oregonstate.edu https://lemma.forestry.oregonstate.edu/about/david-bell Principal Investigator The H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest is a living laboratory that provides unparalleled opportunities for the study of forest and stream ecosystems in the central Cascade Range of Oregon. Since 1980, as a part of the National Science Foundation Long Term Ecological Research (NSF-LTER) program, the Andrews Experimental Forest has become a leader in the analysis of forest and stream ecosystem dynamics. Long-term field experiments and measurement programs have focused on climate dynamics, streamflow, water quality, and vegetation succession. Currently researchers are working to develop concepts and tools needed to predict effects of natural disturbance, land use, and climate change on ecosystem structure, function, and species composition. The Andrews Experimental Forest is administered cooperatively by the USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Oregon State University and the Willamette National Forest. Funding for the research program comes from the National Science Foundation (NSF), US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Oregon State University, and other sources. Data were provided by the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest research program, funded by the National Science Foundation's Long-Term Ecological Research Program (DEB 2025755), US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, and Oregon State University. National Science Foundation: DEB1440409 The Andrews Forest is situated in the western Cascade Range of Oregon, and covers the entire 15,800-acre (6400-ha) drainage basin of Lookout Creek. Elevation ranges from 1350 to 5340 feet (410 to 1630 m). Broadly representative of the rugged mountainous landscape of the Pacific Northwest, the Andrews Forest contains excellent examples of the region's conifer forests and associated wildlife and stream ecosystems. These forests are among the tallest and most productive in the world, with tree heights of often greater than 250 ft (75 m). Streams are steep, cold and clean, providing habitat for numerous aquatic organisms. 1 SP01801 The influence of microclimate gradients on soil characteristics within tree-fall gaps: SP01801.csv 23156 941923cfc239b465c3b0d0a0e5ed165e 1 \r\n column , " http://andlter.forestry.oregonstate.edu/ltermeta/ltersearch/dataaccess.aspx?docid=SP01801_v1.csv GAPNUMBR Site designator numeric(3,0) number 1.000000 natural 110.0000 210.0000 GAPSIZE Gap diameter in meters numeric(2,0) meters 1.000000 natural 10.0000 50.0000 LOCATION Sampling location along transect numeric(2,0) number 1.000000 whole 1.0000 50.0000 DIRECTN Direction: 0 = E-W, 1 = N-S numeric(1,0) number 1.000000 whole 0.0000 1.0000 ORIENTN Orientation E-W = east to west; N-S = south to north (explicit) char(3) Orientation E-W = east to west; N-S = south to north (explicit) QUAD 1=Eout; 2=Ein; 3=Wout; 4=Win; 5=Nout; 6=Nin; 7=Sout; 8=Sin numeric(1,0) number 1.000000 natural 1.0000 4.0000 SECTION Compass direction from center of gap (explicit) char(5) Compass direction from center of gap (explicit) IN_OUT 1 = out of gap, 2 = in gap numeric(1,0) number 1.000000 whole 1.0000 2.0000 MOIST Percent moisture numeric(5,1) percent 0.100000 real 10.0000 60.0000 SOILTEMP Soil temperature measured with Licor numeric(4,1) degrees Celsius 0.100000 real 10.0000 20.0000 SOM Soil organic matter numeric(5,0) percent 1.000000 natural 10.0000 90.0000 LITTER Litter depth in cm numeric(4,0) centimeters 1.000000 whole 0.0000 20.0000 TOTALMAT Percentage of core containing mycorrhizal mats numeric(3,0) percent 1.000000 whole 0.0000 100.0000 PH Soil ph numeric(4,2) pH units 0.010000 real 4.0000 7.0000 ROOTS Amount of live roots found in cores (dry weight basis) numeric(5,2) grams 0.010000 real 0.0000 12.0000 FLDRESP Field respiration rates numeric(5,1) grams per square meter per day 0.100000 real 0.0000 50.0000 LABRESP Laboratory respiration rates (dry weight basis, as C) numeric(5,2) micrograms per gram per hour 0.010000 real 0.0000 10.0000 B_GLUC Beta-glucosidase activity (dry weight basis) numeric(5,2) micromoles per gram per hour 0.010000 real 0.0000 1.0000 DENIT Denitrification potential (dry weight basis, as N) numeric(5,3) nanograms per gram per hour 0.001000 real 0.0000 7.0000 NOTNULL SP01801.DIRECTN SP01801.GAPNUMBR SP01801.GAPSIZE SP01801.IN_OUT SP01801.LOCATION SP01801.ORIENTN SP01801.QUAD SP01801.SECTION 339 micromoles per g per hour nanograms/gram*hour grams per square meter per day meter; SI unit of length micrograms per gram per hour centimeters; .01 meters Scale used for pH measurements dimensionless number, i.e., ratio, count grams; 0.001 kilogram Degrees Celsius; a common unit of temperature; constantToSI=273.18 percent; a number