uid=AND,o=lter,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all public read SP022 Robert P. Griffiths

Oregon State University;Dept. of Forest Science;321 Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331-5752 USA

(541) 737-6559 bbgriff@peak.org griff@for.orst.edu Robert P. Griffiths

Oregon State University;Dept. of Forest Science;321 Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331-5752 USA

(541) 737-6559 bbgriff@peak.org griff@for.orst.edu Principal Investigator Robert P. Griffiths

Oregon State University;Dept. of Forest Science;321 Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331-5752 USA

(541) 737-6559 bbgriff@peak.org griff@for.orst.edu Abstractor Robert P. Griffiths

Oregon State University;Dept. of Forest Science;321 Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331-5752 USA

(541) 737-6559 bbgriff@peak.org griff@for.orst.edu Creator 2011-09-14 This study was designed to determine if ectomycorrhizal mats are more likely to be present in soils at the base of common understory trees than in soils distant from trees and to determine if there is a relationship between the occurrence of mats and tree size. The understory trees studied included the Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia Nutt.) western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg) and vine maple (Acer circinatum Pursh). Twelve sites were studied representing a range of climatic conditions and management histories. More than 2,900 plots were surveyed over an 18-month period. It was found that the incidence of ectomycorrhizal mats was higher at the base of all three species of trees when compared with control plots. A statistically significant positive correlation was also observed between the incidence of mats and tree size. When comparing saplings with larger trees, the saplings consistently had a lower incidence of mats. These observations are not consistent with the hypothesis that ectomycorrhizal mats are required for T. brevifolia establishment or survival. primary production inorganic nutrients mycorrhizae LTER controlled vocabulary Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Andrews Experimental Forest site thesaurus primary production inorganic nutrients LTER core research areas REFERENCES Aquilera L and R P Griffiths 1993 Soil nitrogen chemistry in different age classes of Pacific Northwest coniferous forests. Soil Biol. Biochem. 25,1015- 1019. Boullard B and H Ferchau 1962 Endotrophic mycorrhiza of plants collected in some eastern American and Canadian white pine communities. Phyton 19, 65-71 Griffiths R P, J E Baham and B A Caldwell 1994 Oxalate biogeochemistry of forest soil ectomycorrhizal mat communities. Soil Biol. Biochem. Griffiths R P, B A Caldwell, K Cromack, Jr., and R Y Morita 1990 Douglas-fir forest soils colonized by ectomycorrhizal mats: I. Seasonal variation in nitrogen chemistry and nitrogen cycle transformation rates. Can. J. For. Res. 20,211-218. Griffiths R P, B A Caldwell, E R Ingham, M A Castellano, and K Cromack, Jr. 1991b Comparison of microbial activity in ectomycorrhizal mat communities in Oregon and California. Biol. Fert. Soil. 11,196-202. Griffiths R P and B A Caldwell 1992 Mycorrhizal communities in forest soils. Mycorrhizas in Ecosystems. Eds. D J Read, D H Lewis, A H Fitter, and I J Alexander. C.A.B. International. Oxon. pp. 98-105. Griffiths R P, M A Castellano, and B A Caldwell 1991a Ectomycorrhizal mats formed by Gautieria monticola and Hysterangium setchellii and their association with Douglas-fir seedlings, a case study. Plant Soil 134,255-259. Ingham E R, R P Griffiths, K Cromack, and J A Entry 1991 Comparison of direct versus fumigation-flush microbial biomass estimates from ectomycorrhizal mat and non-mat soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 23,465-472. Manka K, M Gierczak, and Z Prusinkiewicz 1968 Zamierianie siewek cisa (Taxus baccata L.) w Wiezchiesie na tle zesprofitycznych grzybow srondowiska glebowego. PTPN Prace Komisji Nauk Roln. I Komiskji Nauk Lesnych 25,177-195. Marx D H 1972 Ecomycorrhizae as biological deterrents to pathogenic root infections. Phytopath. 10, 429-454. Students who conducted the measurements at the H.J. Andrews and other locations in Oregon: Amy Chadwick, Merrilee Robatzek, Krista Schauer and Kimberly Schaffroth. Amy Chadwick, Merrilee Robatzek, Krista Schauer and Kimberly Schaffroth .The National Science Foundation provided financial support from grants . Data Use Agreement: The re-use of scientific data has the potential to greatly increase communication, collaboration and synthesis within and among disciplines, and thus is fostered, supported and encouraged. This Data Set is released under the Creative Commons license CC BY "Attribution" (see: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Creative Commons license CC BY - Attribution is a license that allows others to distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work (even commercially), as long as you are credited for the original creation. This license accommodates maximum dissemination and use of licensed materials. It is considered professional conduct and an ethical obligation to acknowledge the work of other scientists. The Data User is asked to provide attribution of the original work if this data package is shared in whole or by individual parts or used in the derivation of other products. A recommended citation is provided for each Data Set in the Andrews LTER data catalog (see: http://andlter.forestry.oregonstate.edu/data/catalog/datacatalog.aspx). A generic citation is also provided for this Data Set on the website https://portal.edirepository.org in the summary metadata page. Data Users are thus strongly encouraged to consider consultation, collaboration and/or co-authorship with the Data Set Creator. While substantial efforts are made to ensure the accuracy of data and associated documentation, complete accuracy of data sets cannot be guaranteed and all data are made available "as is." The Data User should be aware, however, that data are updated periodically and it is the responsibility of the Data User to check for new versions of the data. The data authors and the repository where these data were obtained shall not be liable for damages resulting from any use or misinterpretation of the data. General acknowledgement: Data were provided by the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest research program, funded by the National Science Foundation's Long-Term Ecological Research Program (DEB 2025755), US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, and Oregon State University. If data used in publication, the PI will be listed as a coauthor. Whenever these data are presented in whatever form, the PI will be acknowledged. http://andlter.forestry.oregonstate.edu/data/abstract.aspx?dbcode=SP022 1992-01-07 1994-01-07 All Organisms All Organisms Highest common category (ca. kingdom) Fungi Division or Phylum Basidiomycota Division or Phylum Basidiomycetes Order Polyporales Family Atheliaceae Genus Piloderma Order Phallales Family Gomphaceae Genus Gautieria Family Hysterangiaceae Genus Hysterangium Highest common category (ca. kingdom) Plantae Division or Phylum Coniferophyta Class Pinopsida Order Taxales Family Taxaceae Genus Taxus Species Taxus brevifolia Order Pinales Family Pinaceae Genus Tsuga Division or Phylum Magnoliophyta Class Magnoliopsida Subclass Rosidae Order Sapindales Family Aceraceae Genus Acer A group of ectomycorrhizal fungi that form dense fungal mats in the litter layer and A horizon of forest soils can make up to 50% of the mass of mineral soils (Ingham et al., 1991). Because of the density of fungal material in these mats, they have proven to be excellent systems for measuring mycorrhizal function in forest soils (Griffi­ths et al., 1990). Studies comparing the chemistry and biology of mat-colonized soils and adjacent soils without obvious mat colonization have shown that these fungi are capable of increasing nutrient availability to trees by weathering mineral soil and decomposing soil organic material (Griffiths et al., 1990; Griffiths et al., 1991b; Griffiths and Caldwell, 1992; Aquilera and Griffiths, 1993; Griffiths et al., 1994). In addition, these mats have the ability to enhance Douglas-fir seedling survival under low-light conditions (Griffiths et al., 1991a). Because of the commercial importance of yew bark for the production of the anticancer drug taxol and an increased interest in vegetation associated with old-growth Douglas-fir forests, there has been renewed interest in determining which factors influence the establishment and survival of Pacific yew. We have informally observed that Pacific yew in Douglas-fir old-growth forests is usually associated with ectomycorrhizal mats. This observation is all the more curious since T. brevifolia usually forms symbiotic relationships with vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi but not with ectomycorrhizal fungi (Trappe, pers. comm.). The same is generally true of other Taxus species found in Canada and Europe (Prat, 1934; Bakshi, 1960), however there is one report of ectomycorrhizal colonization of Canadian yew roots (Boullard and Ferchau, 1962). Establishment of Taxus plants from seed is thought to be plagued by low seed germination rates. High seedling losses are also due to fungal root disease caused by Cylindrocarpon radicicola Manka et al. (1968) and other fungal pathogens. Since ectomycorrhizal fungi are known to protect trees from root pathogens (Marx, 1970) we hypothesized that these ectomycorrhizal mats relate to T. brevifolia seedling establishment and survival in coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest. Because of the implications of this relationship, we initiated a study to determine if T. brevifolia was always associated with ectomycorrhizal mats and to determine if these mats were more likely to be associated with seedlings or larger trees. To document the relationship between yew and two other common understory trees and ectomycorrhizal mats, we conducted a series of surveys at 12 locations in Oregon. In these surveys we looked for the existence of ectomycorrhizal mats at the base of understory trees, comparing the incidence of mats in those locations with randomly selected circular plots with a radius of 25 cm. We also measured the size of the trees to determine if this would provide insight into the mechanism behind this relationship.

An update history is logged and maintained with each new version of every dataset.

irregular Original metadata creation. Version1 2001-04-30 Metadata restructured and moved into SQLServer metadata database LTERMETA. Data moved into SQLServer database FSDBDATA. Version2 2002-02-08 Information Manager

Andrews Forest LTER Program US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station 3200 SW Jefferson Way Corvallis OR 97331

hjaweb@fsl.orst.edu http://andrewsforest.oregonstate.edu/ Robert P. Griffiths

Oregon State University;Dept. of Forest Science;321 Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331-5752 USA

(541) 737-6559 bbgriff@peak.org griff@for.orst.edu Andrews Forest LTER Site

Forest Ecosystems and Society Department in Forestry Oregon State University 201K Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331-5752

(541) 737-8480 lterweb@fsl.orst.edu http://andrewsforest.oregonstate.edu/ Field Methods - SP022 All 12 study sites were located in Oregon. Sites 4-9 were all located in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest (HJA) within the central Cascade Mountains, sites 10-13 were located 20 km north and west of HJA, and sites 14 + 15 were located in southern Oregon approximately 200 km south of HJA (Table 1). With one exception, all sites at the HJA were in old-growth stands dominated by Douglas-fir in which there had been no prior harvesting. Site 6 had been heavily thinned but the remaining trees were all old-growth. Site 10 was a stand of second-growth Douglas-fir that had been thinned to a 70% crown cover. Sites 11 and 12 were both old-growth stands that had minor harvesting, leaving the sites with typical old-growth structure. Site 13 was clear-cut but not burned 3 years before this study. The yew at this site had typically resprouted from older trees. The site had been replanted in Douglas-fir 1 year before this study. Sites 14 and 15 were paired plots in which mat distributions in old-growth and harvested stands were compared in the much drier climate of southern Oregon. Site 15 had been harvested 5 years before this study but it was left as a shelderwood to facilitate stand reestablishment. The concentration of remaining old-growth trees is 7 trees per hectare. The 12 study sites ranged from moist to dry, and from flat to relatively steep with aspects ranging from north to west. The elevation ranged from a low of 610 meters at site 10 to 1430 meters at site 15. All sites were selected for the relatively high abundance of yew, yet all sites also had varying abundances of maple and hemlock. Coleman fiberglas soil moisture units King tube for gravimetric samples neutron probe (Troxler probe and scale) Sampling frequency: 1 set of measure for each set of plots at each si Randomized plots 10-20 meters in diameter were examined for the presence of ectomycorrhizal mats at the base of all yew, maple, and understory hemlock trees within each plot. For each tree plot examined, there was a control area of equal size that was selected randomly from the base of each tree. The litter layer was removed and the mineral soil was raked to a depth of 10 cm in an area 25 cm from the base of the tree; comparable control areas were also raked to the same depth. The presence of fungi having visual characteristics of mat-forming ectomycorrhizal fungi of the genera Hysterangium spp., Gautieria spp., and Piloderma bicolor (Peck) Jülih, was determined by visual inspection. Gautieria and Piloderma were the easiest to identify since there are few other fungal mats in Douglas-fir forests with which they can be confused. Gautieria mats are usually restricted to the top portion of the mineral soil and are typically very dry, almost powdery in consistency and associated with soils that have a bleached appearance (Griffiths et al. 1991a). Piloderma mats are typically found in the litter layer and at the interface between litter and mineral soil and have relatively coarse, bright yellow rhizomorphs. Hysterangium mats are typified by relatively coarse white to cream rhizomorphs normally found in the litter and/or top of the mineral soil (Griffiths et al., 1991a) and are the most difficult to field identify by mat morphology. If there were any doubt if the mats were mycorrhizal, the investigator would visually inspect roots running through the mat to determine if they were mycorrhizal. Tree size, mat thickness, presence of large quantities of wood, type of mat and occurrence of mats in control areas were also noted. The direction and distance of a control plot relative to each individual tree plot was determined by a throw of a die. All control plots were from 1 to 6 meters from the corresponding tree plot. No control plots were within 1 meter from the closest tree. If a large rock or log occupied more than 50% of the control plot, another one was chosen. Citation: Griffiths R P, M A Castellano, and B A Caldwell 1991a Ectomycorrhizal mats formed by Gautieria monticola and Hysterangium setchellii and their association with Douglas-fir seedlings, a case study. Plant Soil 134,255-259 Andrews Experimental Forest (HJA) -122.26172200 -122.10084700 44.28196400 44.19770400 1631 1631 meter Sherri L. Johnson

US Forest Service ;Pacific NW Research Station ;3200 SW Jefferson Way Corvallis OR 97331 USA

541-758-7771 sherri.johnson2@usda.gov sherri.johnson@oregonstate.edu https://www.fs.fed.us/research/people/profile.php?alias=sherrijohnson Principal Investigator Julia A. Jones

Oregon State University;Department of Geosciences; Wilkinson Hall 104 Corvallis OR 97331-5506 USA

(541) 737-1224 Julia.Jones@oregonstate.edu geojulia@comcast.net http://ceoas.oregonstate.edu/profile/jones/ http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9429-8925 Principal Investigator Matthew G Betts

Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society; 201E Richardson Hall; College of Forestry; Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331

(541) 737-3841 matt.betts@oregonstate.edu http://www.fsl.orst.edu/flel/index.htm Principal Investigator Michael P. Nelson

Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society; 201K Richarson Hall; College of Forestry; Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331

541-737-9221 mpnelson@oregonstate.edu http://www.michaelpnelson.com http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6917-4752 Principal Investigator David Bell david.bell@usda.gov david.bell@oregonstate.edu https://lemma.forestry.oregonstate.edu/about/david-bell Principal Investigator The H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest is a living laboratory that provides unparalleled opportunities for the study of forest and stream ecosystems in the central Cascade Range of Oregon. Since 1980, as a part of the National Science Foundation Long Term Ecological Research (NSF-LTER) program, the Andrews Experimental Forest has become a leader in the analysis of forest and stream ecosystem dynamics. Long-term field experiments and measurement programs have focused on climate dynamics, streamflow, water quality, and vegetation succession. Currently researchers are working to develop concepts and tools needed to predict effects of natural disturbance, land use, and climate change on ecosystem structure, function, and species composition. The Andrews Experimental Forest is administered cooperatively by the USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Oregon State University and the Willamette National Forest. Funding for the research program comes from the National Science Foundation (NSF), US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Oregon State University, and other sources. Data were provided by the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest research program, funded by the National Science Foundation's Long-Term Ecological Research Program (DEB 2025755), US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, and Oregon State University. National Science Foundation: DEB1440409 The Andrews Forest is situated in the western Cascade Range of Oregon, and covers the entire 15,800-acre (6400-ha) drainage basin of Lookout Creek. Elevation ranges from 1350 to 5340 feet (410 to 1630 m). Broadly representative of the rugged mountainous landscape of the Pacific Northwest, the Andrews Forest contains excellent examples of the region's conifer forests and associated wildlife and stream ecosystems. These forests are among the tallest and most productive in the world, with tree heights of often greater than 250 ft (75 m). Streams are steep, cold and clean, providing habitat for numerous aquatic organisms. 1 SP02201 Association of ectomycorrhizal mats with Pacific yew and other understory trees: SP02201.csv 60831 bb31b5476abf4d3fb662d9f91598cfb7 1 \r\n column , " http://andlter.forestry.oregonstate.edu/ltermeta/ltersearch/dataaccess.aspx?docid=SP02201_v1.csv SITE Sample site number numeric(2,0) number 1.000000 natural 1.0000 50.0000 PLOT Plot number within sample site numeric(2,0) number 1.000000 natural 1.0000 16.0000 TREE Sequential tree number numeric(4,0) number 1.000000 natural 1.0000 1250.0000 TREE_TYPE Type of sample tree (HEMLOCK, MAPLE, OTHER,YEW) char(7) Type of sample tree (HEMLOCK, MAPLE, OTHER,YEW) SAPLING Is tree a sapling (YES/NO) char(3) Is tree a sapling (YES/NO) CIRCUM Circumference of tree numeric(5,1) centimeters 0.100000 real 0.0000 400.0000 TREEMAT Is there a mat associated with the tree? 0=no, 1=yes char(1) Is there a mat associated with the tree? 0=no, 1=yes CONTMAT Is there a mat associated with the control? 0=no, 1 = yes char(1) Is there a mat associated with the control? 0=no, 1 = yes TREEHYST Is there a hysteragium mat associated with the tree? 0=no, 1=yes char(1) Is there a hysteragium mat associated with the tree? 0=no, 1=yes CONTHYST Is there a hysterangium mat associated with the control? 0=no, 1=yes char(1) Is there a hysterangium mat associated with the control? 0=no, 1=yes TREEGAUT Is there a gautieria mat associated with the tree? 0=no, 1=yes char(1) Is there a gautieria mat associated with the tree? 0=no, 1=yes CONTGAUT Is there a gautieria mat associated with the control? 0=no, 1=yes char(1) Is there a gautieria mat associated with the control? 0=no, 1=yes TREEPILO Is there a piloderma mat associated with the tree? 0=no, 1=yes char(1) Is there a piloderma mat associated with the tree? 0=no, 1=yes CONTPILO Is there a piloderma mat associated with the control? 0=no, 1=yes char(1) Is there a piloderma mat associated with the control? 0=no, 1=yes NOTNULL SP02201.CIRCUM SP02201.CONTGAUT SP02201.CONTHYST SP02201.CONTMAT SP02201.PLOT SP02201.SAPLING SP02201.SITE SP02201.TREE SP02201.TREEGAUT SP02201.TREEHYST SP02201.TREEMAT SP02201.TREE_TYPE 1506 centimeters; .01 meters dimensionless number, i.e., ratio, count