Moisture content of logs from the Andrews Experimental Forest, 1985-1988

uid=AND,o=lter,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all public read TD026 Moisture content of logs from the Andrews Experimental Forest, 1985-1988 Mark E. Harmon

Oregon State University;Dept. of Forest Science;321 Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331-5752 USA

(541) 737-8455 (978) 724-0045 ext 223 mark.harmon@oregonstate.edu http://fes.forestry.oregonstate.edu/people?path=people/harmon-mark http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4195-8288 Becky Fasth

Oregon State University;College of Forestry;Dept. of Forest Ecosystems and Society; 201L Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331 USA

(541) 737-8431 (541) 737-8460 becky.fasth@oregonstate.edu Mark E. Harmon

Oregon State University;Dept. of Forest Science;321 Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331-5752 USA

(541) 737-8455 (978) 724-0045 ext 223 mark.harmon@oregonstate.edu http://fes.forestry.oregonstate.edu/people?path=people/harmon-mark http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4195-8288 Abstractor Jay M. Sexton

Corvallis OR 97331-5752 USA

(541) 737-8430 hexagon@exchangenet.net Other Researcher Mark E. Harmon

Oregon State University;Dept. of Forest Science;321 Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331-5752 USA

(541) 737-8455 (978) 724-0045 ext 223 mark.harmon@oregonstate.edu http://fes.forestry.oregonstate.edu/people?path=people/harmon-mark http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4195-8288 Creator 2011-09-14 The purpose of this study is to test the effect of log species and decomposition on the moisture content and water stores in logs. water content bulk density coarse woody debris organic matter water logs LTER controlled vocabulary Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Andrews Experimental Forest site thesaurus organic matter LTER core research areas The following publications have resulted from this work and explain methods in more detail: Carpenter, S. E. 1988. Ambrodiscus: A new genus of inoperculate discomycetes from ambrosia beetle galleries. Mycologia 80:320-323. Carpenter, S. E., M. E. Harmon, E. R. Ingham, R. G. Kelsey, J. D. Lattin, and T. D. Schowalter. 1988. Early patterns of heterotroph activity in conifer logs. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 94B: 33- 43. G riffiths, R.P., M. E. Harmon, B.A. Caldwell, and S.E. Carpenter, (in press) Acetylene reduction in conifer logs in the early stages of decomposition. Plant and Soil Harmon, M., E. 1992. Establishment of long-term studies on log decomposition at the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-280. Kelsey, R.G. and M.E. Harmon 1989. Total extractable phenols and tannins in the tissues of 1 year old conifer logs. Can. J. For. Res. 19:1030-1036. Schowalter, T.D., B.A. Caldwell, S.E. Carpenter, R.P.Griffiths, M.E. Harmon, E.R. Ingham, R.G. Kelsey and J.D. Lattin. (in press) Decomposition of fallen trees: effects of initial conditions and heterotroph colonization rates. Tropical Ecology. Zhong, H. 1988. Host selection and wood channelization by beetles in conifer logs in western Oregon. MS Thesis, Oregon State University. Zhong H. and T.D. Schowalter. 1989. Conifer bole utilization by wood-boring beetles in western Oregon. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19:943-947. This is part of the long-term log decay study (200 years). Other data sets utilizing the same logs include TD14 (log density and nutrient contnet) TD18 (nitrogen fixation), and TD20 (respiration). Data also exists for the insects attacking logs in first 3 years (contact Jack Lattin), seasonal variations in moisture content (contact Mark Harmon) and temperature (contact Tim Schowalter). Data Use Agreement: The re-use of scientific data has the potential to greatly increase communication, collaboration and synthesis within and among disciplines, and thus is fostered, supported and encouraged. This Data Set is released under the Creative Commons license CC BY "Attribution" (see: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Creative Commons license CC BY - Attribution is a license that allows others to distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work (even commercially), as long as you are credited for the original creation. This license accommodates maximum dissemination and use of licensed materials. It is considered professional conduct and an ethical obligation to acknowledge the work of other scientists. The Data User is asked to provide attribution of the original work if this data package is shared in whole or by individual parts or used in the derivation of other products. A recommended citation is provided for each Data Set in the Andrews LTER data catalog (see: http://andlter.forestry.oregonstate.edu/data/catalog/datacatalog.aspx). A generic citation is also provided for this Data Set on the website https://portal.edirepository.org in the summary metadata page. Data Users are thus strongly encouraged to consider consultation, collaboration and/or co-authorship with the Data Set Creator. While substantial efforts are made to ensure the accuracy of data and associated documentation, complete accuracy of data sets cannot be guaranteed and all data are made available "as is." The Data User should be aware, however, that data are updated periodically and it is the responsibility of the Data User to check for new versions of the data. The data authors and the repository where these data were obtained shall not be liable for damages resulting from any use or misinterpretation of the data. General acknowledgement: Data were provided by the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest research program, funded by the National Science Foundation's Long-Term Ecological Research Program (DEB 2025755), US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, and Oregon State University. http://andlter.forestry.oregonstate.edu/data/abstract.aspx?dbcode=TD026 1985-01-09 1988-11-30 All Organisms All Organisms Highest common category (ca. kingdom) Plantae Division or Phylum Coniferophyta Class Pinopsida Order Pinales Family Pinaceae Genus Tsuga Species Tsuga heterophylla Genus Pseudotsuga Species Pseudotsuga menziesii Genus Abies Species Abies amabilis Family Cupressaceae Genus Thuja Species Thuja plicata

An update history is logged and maintained with each new version of every dataset.

asNeeded Original metadata creation. Version1 1992-12-01 Metadata restructured and moved into SQLServer metadata database LTERMETA. Data moved into SQLServer database FSDBDATA. Version2 2002-02-11 Information Manager

Andrews Forest LTER Program US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station 3200 SW Jefferson Way Corvallis OR 97331

hjaweb@fsl.orst.edu http://andrewsforest.oregonstate.edu/ Mark E. Harmon

Oregon State University;Dept. of Forest Science;321 Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331-5752 USA

(541) 737-8455 (978) 724-0045 ext 223 mark.harmon@oregonstate.edu http://fes.forestry.oregonstate.edu/people?path=people/harmon-mark http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4195-8288 Andrews Forest LTER Site

Forest Ecosystems and Society Department in Forestry Oregon State University 201K Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331-5752

(541) 737-8480 lterweb@fsl.orst.edu http://andrewsforest.oregonstate.edu/ Field Methods - TD026 Overall Study Detailed descriptions of the methods used to install the overall study were described by Harmon (1992). Logs of the four species used in the experiments (Douglas-fir, Pacific silver fir, Western redcedar, and western hemlock) were removed from four locations during September 1985. Low- standard access roads were constructed at each site during July and August 1985 to place the logs and then the roads were closed. Logs were placed on either side of the access roads after the 50 m point to reduce the microclimatic effects of stand edge on the experiment. The logs used in the experiment met specifications for diameter, length, amount of bark cover, and degree of decay. Logs that ranged in diameter between 45 and 60 cm over their length were deemed suitable. The final log length at the experimental sites was 5.5 m. Damage to the bark during the yarding, transport, and placement was minimized; however, logs with more than 10 percent of their bark missing were considered unsuitable. Logs with large decay columns, conks, or both were rejected. Enough logs of each species were placed so that destructive samples could be made at least 18 times after placement--a total of 530 logs. A map indicating the position of logs at each site was prepared to aid relocation (maps on file in RWU- 4356, Forest Science Laboratory, Corvallis, OR). Each log was marked with an aluminum numbered tag nailed at the top of each end. Bark coverage, length, and diameters were measured to characterize the initial condition of each log. To characterize initial density, moisture content, and volume of tissue in each log, a cross-section 8 to 10-cm thick was removed from each end. Subsequently a subset of logs has been sampled to determine the decay rate and change in nutrient content of logs. All cross-sections were wrapped in black plastic bags and stored at 2°C until they were processed. The cross-sections were photographed and these were digitized to estimate the volume of outer bark, inner bark, sapwood, and heartwood. Wood density was sampled radially. Samples were identified as to type, log number, end, and piece by bar- code labels. The radial, longitudinal, and tangential dimensions were measured to the nearest 0.1 mm with calipers on each cross- section cut. The weight of each block before and after ovendrying was determined to the nearest 0.01 g by using an electronic digital balance linked to a microcomputer. Ovendrying was at 55°C for seven days. Outer and inner bark were also sampled for density and moisture content for each cross-section. After recording the thickness at four points of each cross-section, a subsample of bark was removed along a 20- to 30-cm length of the circumference. The radial, longitudinal, and tangential dimensions of these pieces were recorded. For radial dimensions, at least six measurements were made to give a reasonable average. Outer and inner bark were separated by chisel for all species, except Pacific silver fir. The weight of each bark sample before and after ovendrying was determined to the nearest 0.01 g using an electronic digital balance linked to microcomputer. Ovendrying was at 55°C for seven days. Previously ovendried outer bark samples were soaked in water 48 hours, and then volume was measured to the nearest 1 cm3 by water displacement. Field Moisture Content During 1986-1992, one log of each species was sampled in September at each of the six sites to determine changes in tissue density and moisture. In 1986-90 five cross-sections were removed along the length of each log sampled. In 1991-92, remnants from the first sampling period were resampled, with two cross-sections removed per log. For each sampling period the density and moisture content of the outer bark, inner bark, sapwood, and heartwood was measured. Moisture content was determined monthly from one log of each species at each of the six sites between May 1986 and November 1988. This set of logs was kept intact. Samples were taken at roughly monthly intervals. Wood samples were extracted from logs using an increment corer and placing the sample in a sealed plastic straw. Two bark samples were removed from each log by pounding a 2 cm diameter corer into the log until the bark layer could be removed. The bark samples were wrapped in plastic until laboratory processing. All holes created by the sampling were sealed with silicone rubber caulking. In the laboratory wood samples were separated into sapwood and heartwood for all species. Bark samples for all species except Abies were separated into inner and outer bark layers. Abies bark was kept intact as the separation of bark into distinct layers was extremely difficult. Wet weight of the samples was determined to the nearest 0.001 g before and after drying for 4 days at 55°C. Maximum Moisture Content The maximum potential moisture content for undecayed and decayed tissues of each species was determined by submersing 100 cm3 samples underwater for 1 month. This extended period was required, because heartwood samples absorbed water quite slowly. As the maximum moisture content of sapwood samples was dependent upon density, we used a range of decayed samples for each log species. Moisture content was calculated as mass of water divided by the mass of dry material in each sample. The mass of water contained within entire logs was calculated by multiplying the mass of each tissue type by the moisture content of each layer. The mass of each tissue type was calculated from the average volume of tissues for each species and the average density for each species, tissue and time of moisture sampling. As the frequency density samples did not match those of the moisture samples, we adjusted the density by assuming it declined linearly between June and September and remained constant the rest of the year. This matches the period of high respiration activity for logs in this region (Carpenter et al 1988). The maximum potential water stores was calculated by multiplying the maximum moisture content by the mass of each tissue type. For details see http://andrewsforest.oregonstate.edu/data/studies/td014/td014_sitedescription.pdf The experiments are being conducted at six sites located within intact old-growth Douglas-fir-western hemlock forests. The experimental design is a split-split plot in time. Each site represents a block, and log species is the the main plot effect. Tissue type is the subplot effect. Andrews Experimental Forest (HJA) -122.26172200 -122.10084700 44.28196400 44.19770400 1631 1631 meter Long-Term Ecological Research Sherri L. Johnson

US Forest Service ;Pacific NW Research Station ;3200 SW Jefferson Way Corvallis OR 97331 USA

541-758-7771 sherri.johnson2@usda.gov sherri.johnson@oregonstate.edu https://www.fs.fed.us/research/people/profile.php?alias=sherrijohnson Principal Investigator Julia A. Jones

Oregon State University;Department of Geosciences; Wilkinson Hall 104 Corvallis OR 97331-5506 USA

(541) 737-1224 Julia.Jones@oregonstate.edu geojulia@comcast.net http://ceoas.oregonstate.edu/profile/jones/ http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9429-8925 Principal Investigator Matthew G Betts

Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society; 201E Richardson Hall; College of Forestry; Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331

(541) 737-3841 matt.betts@oregonstate.edu http://www.fsl.orst.edu/flel/index.htm Principal Investigator Michael P. Nelson

Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society; 201K Richarson Hall; College of Forestry; Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331

541-737-9221 mpnelson@oregonstate.edu http://www.michaelpnelson.com http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6917-4752 Principal Investigator David Bell david.bell@usda.gov david.bell@oregonstate.edu https://lemma.forestry.oregonstate.edu/about/david-bell Principal Investigator The H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest is a living laboratory that provides unparalleled opportunities for the study of forest and stream ecosystems in the central Cascade Range of Oregon. Since 1980, as a part of the National Science Foundation Long Term Ecological Research (NSF-LTER) program, the Andrews Experimental Forest has become a leader in the analysis of forest and stream ecosystem dynamics. Long-term field experiments and measurement programs have focused on climate dynamics, streamflow, water quality, and vegetation succession. Currently researchers are working to develop concepts and tools needed to predict effects of natural disturbance, land use, and climate change on ecosystem structure, function, and species composition. The Andrews Experimental Forest is administered cooperatively by the USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Oregon State University and the Willamette National Forest. Funding for the research program comes from the National Science Foundation (NSF), US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Oregon State University, and other sources. Data were provided by the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest research program, funded by the National Science Foundation's Long-Term Ecological Research Program (DEB 2025755), US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, and Oregon State University. National Science Foundation: DEB1440409 The Andrews Forest is situated in the western Cascade Range of Oregon, and covers the entire 15,800-acre (6400-ha) drainage basin of Lookout Creek. Elevation ranges from 1350 to 5340 feet (410 to 1630 m). Broadly representative of the rugged mountainous landscape of the Pacific Northwest, the Andrews Forest contains excellent examples of the region's conifer forests and associated wildlife and stream ecosystems. These forests are among the tallest and most productive in the world, with tree heights of often greater than 250 ft (75 m). Streams are steep, cold and clean, providing habitat for numerous aquatic organisms. 1 TD02601 Field Moisture Contents: TD02601.csv 17020 583feab6862f861d85cd076d9490b809 1 \r\n column , " http://andlter.forestry.oregonstate.edu/ltermeta/ltersearch/dataaccess.aspx?docid=TD02601_v1.csv STCODE Database code char(5) Database code FORMAT Entity number numeric(1,0) number 1.000000 natural 1.0000 1.0000 DAY Day sample was taken numeric(2,0) day 1.000000 MONTH Month sample was taken numeric(2,0) month 1.000000 YEAR Year sample was taken numeric(4,0) YYYY 1.000000 SITE Site of log numeric(1,0) number 1.000000 natural 1.0000 6.0000 LOGNUM Log number numeric(3,0) number 1.000000 natural 1.0000 9999.0000 SPECIES Species of log char(4) ABAM Abies amabilis PSME Pseudotsuga menziesii THPL Thuja plicata TSHE Tsuga heterophylla EXC Indicates if log was under an insect exclosure char(1) E INSIDE EXCLOSURE O OUTSIDE EXCLOSURE TYPE Tissue type char(1) H HEARTWOOD I INNER BARK O HEARTWOOD S SAPWOOD WETWT Wet weight of the sample numeric(6,3) grams 0.001000 real 0.0050 99.0000 DRYWT Dry weight of sample. determined after 4 days at 55 c numeric(6,3) grams 0.001000 real 0.0050 99.0000 MOIST Field moisture content, water weight/dry weight basis numeric(7,3) percent 0.001000 real 5.0000 600.0000 EST Moisture content was estimated. used in cases where sample could not be taken or was obviously wrong char(1) E VALUE ESTIMATED PRIMARY TD02601.DAY TD02601.LOGNUM TD02601.MONTH TD02601.SITE TD02601.TYPE TD02601.YEAR NOTNULL TD02601.DAY TD02601.EXC TD02601.FORMAT TD02601.LOGNUM TD02601.MOIST TD02601.MONTH TD02601.SITE TD02601.SPECIES TD02601.STCODE TD02601.TYPE TD02601.YEAR 323 2 TD02602 Water Stores: TD02602.csv 115266 524a9ebe225219f6e1a3c1b628e1e4f1 1 \r\n column , " http://andlter.forestry.oregonstate.edu/ltermeta/ltersearch/dataaccess.aspx?docid=TD02602_v1.csv STCODE Database code char(5) Database code FORMAT Entity number numeric(1,0) number 1.000000 natural 2.0000 2.0000 STID Study area where density was determined char(3) HJA H. J. ANDREWS EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, OREGON DAY Day sample was taken numeric(2,0) day 1.000000 MONTH Month sample was taken numeric(2,0) month 1.000000 YEAR Year sample was taken numeric(4,0) YYYY 1.000000 SITE Site of log numeric(1,0) number 1.000000 natural 1.0000 6.0000 LOGNUM Log number numeric(3,0) number 1.000000 natural 1.0000 9999.0000 SPECIES Species of log char(4) ABAM Abies amabilis PSME Pseudotsuga menziesii THPL Thuja plicata TSHE Tsuga heterophylla OBWATER Mass of water stored in outer bark numeric(8,3) kilograms 0.001000 real 0.0000 200.0000 IBWATER Mass of water stored in inner bark numeric(8,3) kilograms 0.001000 real 0.0000 200.0000 SAPWATER Mass of water stored in sapwood numeric(8,3) kilograms 0.001000 real 0.0000 1000.0000 HWATER Mass of water stored in heartwood numeric(8,3) kilograms 0.001000 real 0.0000 500.0000 TWATER Mass of water stored in entire log-all tissues combined numeric(8,3) kilograms 0.001000 real 0.0000 2000.0000 TMOIST Overall moisture content of log numeric(6,1) percent 0.100000 real 0.0000 500.0000 OBMASS Dry mass of outer bark for log numeric(8,3) kilograms 0.001000 real 0.0000 500.0000 IBMASS Dry mass of inner bark for the log numeric(8,3) kilograms 0.001000 real 0.0000 500.0000 SAPMASS Dry mass of sapwood for the log numeric(8,3) kilograms 0.001000 real 0.0000 500.0000 HMASS Dry mass of heartwood for the log numeric(8,3) kilograms 0.001000 real 0.0000 500.0000 TMASS Dry mass of entire log numeric(8,3) kilograms 0.001000 real 0.0000 700.0000 PRIMARY TD02602.DAY TD02602.LOGNUM TD02602.MONTH TD02602.SITE TD02602.YEAR NOTNULL TD02602.DAY TD02602.FORMAT TD02602.LOGNUM TD02602.MONTH TD02602.SITE TD02602.SPECIES TD02602.STCODE TD02602.STID TD02602.YEAR 1019 3 TD02603 Density of Substrates: TD02603.csv 3936 3443e8a64f2e1b391a459b3f77274f0a 1 \r\n column , " http://andlter.forestry.oregonstate.edu/ltermeta/ltersearch/dataaccess.aspx?docid=TD02603_v1.csv STCODE Database code char(5) Database code FORMAT Entity number numeric(1,0) number 1.000000 natural 3.0000 3.0000 STID Study area where density was determined char(3) HJA H. J. ANDREWS EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, OREGON TIME_D Number of days that tissues were exposed to decay numeric(5,0) number of days 1.000000 whole 0.0000 3000.0000 TYPE Tissue type char(1) H HEARTWOOD I INNER BARK O HEARTWOOD S SAPWOOD SPECIES Species of log char(4) ABAM Abies amabilis PSME Pseudotsuga menziesii THPL Thuja plicata TSHE Tsuga heterophylla DENSITY Density of tissue; oven dry weight/green volume basis numeric(5,3) grams per square centimeter 0.001000 real 0.0500 0.6000 NOTNULL TD02603.DENSITY TD02603.FORMAT TD02603.SPECIES TD02603.STCODE TD02603.STID TD02603.TIME_D TD02603.TYPE 128 4 TD02604 Maximum Moisture Content: TD02604.csv 12960 44455622b5aeaa3559aba1b9545ec46a 1 \r\n column , " http://andlter.forestry.oregonstate.edu/ltermeta/ltersearch/dataaccess.aspx?docid=TD02604_v1.csv STCODE Database code char(5) Database code FORMAT Entity number numeric(1,0) number 1.000000 natural 4.0000 4.0000 SPECIES Species of log char(4) ABAM Abies amabilis PSME Pseudotsuga menziesii THPL Thuja plicata TSHE Tsuga heterophylla TYPE Tissue type char(1) H HEARTWOOD I INNER BARK O HEARTWOOD S SAPWOOD DECAY Type of decay in sample char(1) B BROWN ROT D DECAYED F FRESH; FROM A LIVE TREE S SOUND; UNDECAYED W WHITE ROT TIME Number of years the tissue has been exposed to decay numeric(3,0) number 1.000000 whole 0.0000 10.0000 DRYWT7 Dry weight after being in 55c oven for 7 days or until mass is stable numeric(8,3) grams 0.001000 real 0.3000 50.0000 MAXWETWT Maximum wet weight of water soaked sample numeric(8,3) grams 0.001000 real 1.5000 100.0000 MAXMOIST Maximum moisture content, water weight/dry weight basis numeric(5,1) percent 0.100000 real 50.0000 900.0000 DENSITY Density of tissue; oven dry weight/green volume basis numeric(5,3) grams per square centimeter 0.001000 real 0.0500 0.6000 NOTNULL TD02604.DECAY TD02604.DRYWT7 TD02604.FORMAT TD02604.MAXMOIST TD02604.SPECIES TD02604.STCODE TD02604.TIME TD02604.TYPE TD02604.MAXWETWT 295 kilograms; SI unit of mass one day excluding leap seconds, 86400 seconds grams per square centimeter percent; a number dimensionless number, i.e., ratio, count grams; 0.001 kilogram