• Posy Elizabeth Busby - Principal Investigator
  Assistant Professor OSU Botany & Plant Pathology
  Email: busbyp@science.oregonstate.edu, posybusby@gmail.com
  URL: http://bpp.oregonstate.edu/content/posy-busby
  ORCID: 0000-0002-2837-9820
• Matthew G Betts - Principal Investigator
  Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society; 201E Richardson Hall; College of Forestry; Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331
  Phone: (541) 737-3841
  Email: matt.betts@oregonstate.edu
  URL: http://www.fsl.orst.edu/flel/index.htm
  ORCID: 0000-0002-7100-2551
• Brooke E. Penaluna - Principal Investigator
  Email: brooke.penaluna@usda.gov, Brooke.Penaluna@oregonstate.edu
  URL: https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/lwm/aem/people/penaluna.html
  ORCID: 0000-0001-7215-770X
• Catalina Segura - Principal Investigator
  Assistant Professor; Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management; Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331
  Phone: 541-737-6568
  Email: catalina.segura@oregonstate.edu
  URL: http://ferm.forestry.oregonstate.edu/facstaff/segura-catalina
  ORCID: 0000-0002-0924-1172
• David Bell - Principal Investigator
  Email: david.bell@usda.gov, david.bell@oregonstate.edu
  URL: https://lemma.forestry.oregonstate.edu/about/david-bell
  ORCID: 0000-0002-2673-5836

• The H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest is a living laboratory that provides unparalleled opportunities for the study of forest and stream ecosystems in the central Cascade Range of Oregon. Since 1980, as a part of the National Science Foundation Long Term Ecological Research (NSF-LTER) program, the Andrews Experimental Forest has become a leader in the analysis of forest and stream ecosystem dynamics.
• Long-term field experiments and measurement programs have focused on climate dynamics, streamflow, water quality, and vegetation succession. Currently researchers are working to develop concepts and tools needed to predict effects of natural disturbance, land use, and climate change on ecosystem structure, function, and species composition.
• The Andrews Experimental Forest is administered cooperatively by the USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Oregon State University and the Willamette National Forest. Funding for the research program comes from the National Science Foundation (NSF), US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Oregon State University, and other sources.

Data were provided by the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest research program, funded by the National Science Foundation's Long-Term Ecological Research Program (DEB 2025755), US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, and Oregon State University. National Science Foundation: DEB2025755

• LTER: Long-Term Ecological Research at the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest (LTER8)
  Award Number: DEB2025755
  Funder: National Science Foundation
  Funder Identifier: https://ror.org/021nxhr62
  URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2025755

• Long-Term Ecological Research
  The Andrews Forest is situated in the western Cascade Range of Oregon, and covers the entire 15,800-acre (6400-ha) drainage basin of Lookout Creek. Elevation ranges from 1350 to 5340 feet (410 to 1630 m). Broadly representative of the rugged mountainous landscape of the Pacific Northwest, the Andrews Forest contains excellent examples of the region's conifer forests and associated wildlife and stream ecosystems. These forests are among the tallest and most productive in the world, with tree heights of often greater than 250 ft (75 m). Streams are steep, cold and clean, providing habitat for numerous aquatic organisms.

• Pre-treatment "Before" electrofishing surveys was conducted in all reaches (REF, Low-flow, and +Temp) between July 18 and July 22. In each reach, block nets were set at the upstream and downstream ends to close the system, conducted three passes through each reach, and collected all trout (the sole fish specifies present) and all salamanders that we found in each pass. Trout and smaller salamanders were held in aerated coolers next to each stream. Large salamanders were held separately to avoid predation during holding. All trout were anesthetized with AQUI-S, weighed (to 0.1 g) and measured (total length and fork length to nearest mm). To evaluate fish summer growth rates, every captured trout, larger than 80 mm, received an 9 mm Biomark PIT Tag . Visible Implant Elastomer (VIE) tags were additionally applied to all salmonids, with each reach receiving a different batch color; red for the T reach, yellow for the Q reach, and orange for the R reach. Salamanders were placed in a plastic bag for measurement of both vent and total length (to nearest mm) and weighed (to 0.1g).
• Study reaches were resurveyed in early September, after approximately 7 weeks (total of 51 days) of the Low-flow and +Temp treatments. The “post-treatment” surveys were conducted during the final days of the treatment. The +Temp reach was surveyed on 2022-Sep-08, and the REF and Low-flow reaches were both sampled on 2022-Sep-09. Only two passes were conducted on these sites because there was a “red flag” extreme fire danger warning for the western Cascades of Oregon on 2022-Sep-09, which forced field crews to complete work over a shorter period than initially planned (over 1.5 days rather than over 3 days). Given the high depletion rates that were achieved in these small headwaters in the July sampling, two passes adequately estimated abundances in these September sampling events. All fish and salamanders were fully processed (weighed and measured) the same as in July surveys. Elastomer tag recaptures were noted, and tag numbers of recaptured PIT tagged trout were recorded, but no new tags (elastomer or PIT) were applied in the September sampling. The flow and temperature treatments ended on 2022-Sep-09.
• Stream cross-sections were surveyed every 5 meters to document stream dimensions before and after the experimental design. Measurements at each cross-section included wetted width, bankfull width, and depths at five evenly spaced points.
• Pools were identified and measured in each reach before and after the experimental design, noting the maximum pool depth, depth at the outflow, width, and length.
• HOBO temperature sensors were installed in each reach, recording stream temperature every 15 minutes. Sensors were installed on 2022-Jul-18 and pulled from the stream on 2022-Oct-19. Temperature sensor locations were recorded as the distance downstream from the top of each reach.

• Data was entered by researchers and rechecked multiple times to ensure data entry was correct.

• In our study, we conducted focal fish surveys in three distinct reaches: the REF (reference), +Temp (increased temperature), and Low-flow reaches. The REF and +Temp reaches each measured 45 meters in length, while the Low-flow reach was 50 meters long. The Low-flow reach encompassed a total area of reduced flow approximately 100 meters in length. To minimize potential edge effects at the start and end of this treatment, we concentrated our electrofishing and habitat surveys on the central area. Specifically, the Low-flow survey reach began 20 meters downstream of the main flow diversion and extended for 50 meters. Meanwhile, the +Temp reach began 8 meters below the point of main flow reintroduction and extended downstream for 45 meters.
• Sampling frequency: single sampling events and 15 minute collection

• To examine the relative impact of decoupled drought conditions of reduced flow and increased water temperature, three study reaches were established: (1) an upstream reference (REF) reach that was unaltered, (2) a middle (Low-flow) reach in which flow was decreased (diverted) to mimic low-flow drought conditions, and (3) a downstream warmed (+Temp) reach in which diverted streamflow was passively warmed in a coil system and reintroduced downstream to elevate stream temperatures and mimic drought temperature conditions (see design diagram).
• To create these conditions in a remote landscape, a passive (gravity-fed) flow diversion system (see 'B' in design diagram) was developed. The Low-flow reach was created by placing a temporary plywood barrier across the stream in which there were two 4-inch holes. An irrigation line was placed through one hole (“diversion line”) and one hole was left empty to allow fish to pass through the barrier (“pass-through line”) and so that approximately half of the flow was maintained in the channel (see 'B' in design diagram). The goal was not to fully dewater the channel, but instead to reduce discharge proportionally to flow in the stream. The pass-through line was positioned low enough within the flow diversion barrier to ensure potential fish passage. The diversion line was approximately 100 m in length and redirected approximately 50% of the streamflow (see 'C' in design diagram). The diverted water in this diversion line was reintroduced to the channel 100 m downstream from the plywood barrier and 30 m downstream of the lower end of the focal Low-flow study reach. The outflow from this flow diversion line re-entered the stream 8 m upstream of the start of the +Temp reach (see 'D' in design diagram).
• The +Temp reach was created by heating water passively in coiled tubing (see 'A' in design diagram). In addition to the main 4-inch diversion line (which also heated the water slightly relative to the stream), eight ½ inch diversion lines siphoned water from an upstream pool (above the Low-flow reach but below the REF reach) and heated the water for the +Temp reach. The flow in these lines also contributed to flow diversion but was a small portion of volume relative to the 4-inch diversion line. The ½ inch warming lines were arranged in coils that were exposed to direct sunlight during the day by placing them along the side of the USFS 320 Rd that runs parallel to the study reaches in MCTW (see 'A' in design diagram). The warmed water in the coiled ½-inch lines was reintroduced to the stream approximately 8 m above of the upstream end of the +Temp reach in an area where there was a high degree of mixing so the elevated temperature water was incorporated into the flow.
• Vertebrates and stream characteristics were measured during the pre and post experimental. The difference in the time period for each treatment reach was then compared to the reference reach to understand the relative impact of each treatment.

• Andrews Experimental Forest (HJA)
  W -122.26172200, E -122.10084700, N 44.28196400, S 44.19770400
  Altitude: 1631 to 1631 meter
• McRae Creek
  W -122.20859020, E -122.13943300, N 44.27311600, S 44.23328700
• McRae Creek west tributary
  W -122.18074240, E -122.18074240, N 44.25496300, S 44.25496300

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